Monday, December 30, 2019

Report on Tauranga Shopping Mall - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1062 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? REPORT TAURANGA SHOPPING MALL 1.Term of reference On 1st July 2012 Tauranga Shopping Centre is found the need of the customer through the order from the General Manager by the administration department. 2.An Executive Summary Tauranga shopping centre was builded in 1995 and has started this business until 2012. The Shopping mall is the most popular place that has increased customer in the last 10 years. However , The Tauranga need to develop this shopping mall by the implementation of market researches to the planning of the infrastructure of Tauranga shopping centre. The administration will survey overview both gender of customers and staffs. 3.Procedures 3.1Survey 3.1.1 Surveying 120 customers in three days to find the data. 3.1.2 Surveying all employees at the shopping mall in the one week. 3.2Interview 3.2.1 The customer and staff are interviewed. 3.2.2 The both genders of customer and staff are observed by investigator. 3.3An alysis 3.3.1 Accumulation the information that come from the surveying , observation and interview. 4.Finding 4.1 Parking area 4.1.1 During the busy time, the parking of underground is insufficiency. 4.1.2 During on rainy days, It not enough roofs either the entrance or over on the walk way 4.1.3 The parking area of ground level is dangerous for children, they can wander into the car park 4.1.4 During the busy time, there are somewhat hazardous in the parking areas. 4.1.5 In the parking areas, Trollerys are not nice and orderly. 4.1.6 There are no security guard in the car park. 4.1.7 There have space areas in front of the shopping mall. 4.1.8 It has been happen of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ near missesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to walker who are unwell position. 4.2 Location 4.2.1 Tauranga shopping mall is located in which the customer can come here on foot and in car. 4.2.2 The feedback of older customer of location is convenience but it is far away from c ity centre. 4.3Design 4.3.1 The gate of the centre is not welcome. 4.3.2 The structure of the centre is to become an out-moded. 4.4 Product 4.4.1 During the busy days, some of goods is not adequate for requirement of customer. 4.4.2 Baking products is very popular but The area is not suitable and support to customer. 4.5 Competition 4.5.1 The customer are deceive with giving the gift bag when they buy product over 200 dollars by competitors. 4.5.2 The project to reward the customer is promoted by competitors in the place. 4.6 Service 4.6.1 The service of the shopping mall is worse than in the past. 4.6.2 It does not have community notice board and local commercials for customer. 4.6.3 It does not have mechanism to accumulate feedback. 4.6.4 The shopping mall cannot initiative self-service due to it has a bit place for shelving. 4.6.5 It is not sometime accept EFTPOS facilities. 4.6.6 Most of staffs is enjoyment in the shopping mall , However they have to solve the problem between the staff and the senior manager. 4.6.7 The stock department is constantly under staffs when the busy holiday. 5.Conclusion 5.1 Parking area 5.1.1 The parking cars is sometime dangerous. 5.1.2 It is not enough roof over the car parking ,when in the rainy day , the customer can be wet. 5.1.3 There is too small parking on the ground floor. 5.1.4 The customer can park in front of shopping mall. 5.1.5 Some accident might happen by some is not careful because it is low visual. It especially will be incident with children and ederly. 5.1.6 There is no security guard to look after car and customer. 5.1.7 One of inconvenience in the car park is not enough place to take trolleys to its group. 5.2 Location 5.2.1 The location is convenience for customer. 5.2.2 Every customer can go to the shopping mall its easy. 5.3Design 5.3.1 The structure was constructed long time ago,So it is out-to-date. 5. 3.2 The gate of the centre is not welcome. 5.4 Product 5.4.1 Baking is popular of product in the shopping mall. We need to develop the location and product. 5.4.2 There is usually lacking of goods during the busy holiday time. 5.5 Competition 5.5.1 If customer bough their goods over 200 dollars, they will get gift bag. 5.5.2 The competition is the good way to encourage customer to buy and interest product. 5.6 Service 5.6.1 It does not have community notice board and local commercials for customer. 5.6.2 It does not have mechanism to accumulate feedback. 5.6.3 The feedback of old customers does not enjoy out service. They like located of the centre. 5.6.4 The EFTPOS cannot use in some counter. 5.6.5 Delivery home service is required of customer. 5.6.6 The stock depart is constantly under staff. 5.6.7 The sing that show product is not enough for customer. 5.6.8 The customer is scatteringly shelves. 5.6.9 Solve the problem between staf f and manager is important for business running. 6.Recommendation 6.1 Parking area 6.1.1 During the busy time, we should prepare and manage parking areas. 6.1.2 We should create the new roofs on the walk ways. 6.1.3 We should set up CCTV and increase secure-grund for the customer secured in the cat park 6.1.4 We should make the place that is trolleys parking. 6.1.5 We should build more signal on the way for walker and drivers to aware of dangerous. 6.1.6 We have another space in front of the shopping mall. 6.2 Location 6.2.1 We have good location, We should promote the shopping mall for stimulating business. 6.3Design 6.3.1 The building and entrance should be renewable to look interesting for both old and new customer. 6.4 Product 6.4.1 We should extend the areas of baking product. 6.4.2 We should pay more attention for keeping product when the holiday coming. 6.5 Competition 6.5.1 We should continue a project that attraction to customer. 6.6 Service 6.6.1 We should train the employees for servicing. 6.6.2 We should build the community board. 6.6.3 We should find a new mechanism to accumulate feedback from customer and staff. 6.6.4 We should set up the delivery home service group for supporting local customer. 6.6.5 We should make sing to guide the customer in every product. 6.6.6 We should make the local advertising in front of the gate. 6.6.7 We should update program every counter that accept EFTPOS. 6.6.8 We should make more the shelves for encouraging customer to shelving by self- service. 6.6.9 We should manage the stock of department when holiday time 6.6.10 We should find problems between manager and the staff, So we should invite them for on interview regarding them feeling. 7.A Reference List Beddington, N. (2007).Design for Shopping centres(2nd ed.). London, UK: Butterworth Scientific. (Original work published 1982). Dowling, G. R., Uncles, M. (n.d.). Do Customers Loyalty Programs Really Work?.Australian Graduate School of Management and School of Marketing, Retrieved from https://royalties.com/Case_Study.pdf. Kingdom of Bahrain.Ministry of Municipalities Agriculture. Urban Planning. (2010).Guidelines For the design of Off-Street Car Parking Facilities.Retrieved from https://websrv.municipality.gov.bh/ppd/doc/study_carpark.pdf Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Report on Tauranga Shopping Mall" essay for you Create order

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Slavery, The Shadow Of Americas Past - 1613 Words

Slavery, the shadow of Americas past. It is astonishing how long it took to get slavery abolished in all of the Unites States of America; however, there are logical reasons toward why the founding fathers of America did not abolish the treacherous act earlier on in America’s future. The most logical of reasons was to stop the South from seceding from the recently formed union. Due to the weak central government under the articles of confederation, the widely different North and South would not have been able to function without each other. Also, some southerners believed that the bible sanctioned slavery, while others thought that they were just too dependent on the slave labor to let it go. The subject of slavery was always the elephant in the room. It was rarely talked about and when it was talked about, it was of the utmost secrecy. When the founding fathers were writing up the constitution they subject was not neglected to come up. In Jefferson’s original draft of The Declaration of Independence he wrote of the perverse evils of slavery and the slave trade; however, the other editors did not approve of his ideology and therefore decided to omit it from The Declaration of Independence. This may have occurred because fourteen out of the twenty-one most prominent founding fathers had slaves themselves. The subject was not brought back up until many years later. It was the eleventh of February 1790, two Quaker delegations one from New York and from Philadelphia sent inShow MoreRelatedLincoln And Abraham Lincolns I Have A Dream Speech956 Words   |  4 Pagesfundamental speeches in history, the readers have developed a question: how are these speaker’s perspectives of America comparable? These two intellectuals had similar viewpoints of America on the injustice of the nation and used their speeches to influence the nation that segregation and slavery, respectively, is wrong. 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The Right And The Left793 Words   |  4 PagesYanyi Liang Professor Heather ENGL 2327 November 17 2014 Civil war vs. The Right and the Left America is a new country. Here, the first time ever, a group of brave people cut out the bondage from Europe, free the philosophers, thinkers, also gave people desire to founding a new country. In the United States, human rights is the foundation for building this country. â€Å"I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual.† Read from the AbrahamRead MoreColor Runs Deep868 Words   |  4 Pagesword â€Å"Negro† was a self-identification that the black community gave themselves. It showed the degrading era of America towards African Americans. Langston Hughes is an African American man who uses the literary device of allusion to talk about the treatment of the black community in the early 20th century up until the present. Darkness and shadows usually speak of the past or looking to past. Hughes digs deep into the dirt of African land where his ancestors are buried and shares the history of whatRead MoreTh e Issue Of The United States Congress1558 Words   |  7 PagesToday, 27 million slaves exist in the world. Many think slavery ended in 1865, but slavery has been going on forever. Not just 27 million people live in slavery; it is estimated more than 4.5 million are trapped in forced sexual exploitation globally (â€Å"Sex Trafficking in the U.S†¦.†). In 1850, the height of slavery in the Americas for the production of tobacco and cotton, the United States Census showed 3 million slaves included in the population (DeBow 82). Most know about the 3 million slaves that

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Study Of Titanium And Its Alloys Engineering Essay Free Essays

This chapter describes theoretical background associated with the research subject. This subject involves Ti and its metal. The most common job that restricts the usage of deep-rooted metallic stuffs is their biocompatibility such as low bioactivity and mismatch of mechanical belongingss with assorted organic structure tissues, hence reviews on both are besides presented. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Of Titanium And Its Alloys Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Porous constructions of implant stuffs are stimulate bone tissue turning that can better the arrested development. Both pulverization sintering procedures ( PSP ) and pressurized pore enlargement procedures ( PPEP ) were employed to fabricate porous construction of the stuffs, consequently reviews on these subjects are besides undertaken. Titanium is transition metal occurred in mineral beginnings as rutile-TiO2 and ilmenite- ( Fe, Mg, Mn ) TiO3 that are dispersed about 0.6 % of the Earth ‘s crust [ 1 ] . The runing point temperature of pure Ti is 1670oC, much higher compared to aluminium. Although the Ti ‘s strength is comparatively the same as some of steels, the denseness is a half of that of steel. However, due to high responsiveness with O taking to instantaneous formation of oxide surface bed, which is high corrosion resistant in nature, it is expensive procedure. Titanium processing from metal ore requires energy more two crease than that of the Fe processing ( 431 x 106 Btu/ton compared to 203 tens 106 Btu/ton ) [ 2 ] . At room temperature, Ti has hexangular unit cell of the i stage which are values of the lattice parametric quantities a ( 0.295 nanometer ) and c ( 0.468 nanometer ) . Pure Ti undergoes an allotropic transmutation at 882.5oC [ 3 ] changing from hexangular close-packed crystal constr uction ( i ) below the temperature to body-centered three-dimensional crystal construction ( i ) above the temperature and remains stable up to the thaw point. Some of the basic physical belongingss of the unalloyed metals e.g, Ti, Nb, Ta and Zr are presented in table 2aˆ‘1. Since Ti is passage metal holding uncomplete shell, it allows developing solid solutions with Numberss of subtitutional elements which have size factor within  ±20 % , therefore the exact temperature is attributed by add-on metal elements. Table 2aˆ‘2.Summary of physical belongingss of the unalloyed metals e.g. Ti, Nb, Ta and Zr Property Titanium ( Ti ) [ 4 ] Niobium ( Nb ) [ 5 ] Tantalum ( Ta ) [ 5 ] Zirconium ( Zr ) [ 5 ] Atomic figure 22 41 73 40 Atomic weight 47.867 92.906 180.948 91.224 Allotropic transmutation temperature ( oC ) 882.5 – – 863 Lattice Structure [ 6 ] Density ( 20oC ) ( g/cm3 ) Coefficient of Thermal enlargement, a, at 20oC ( K-1 ) i‚? 882oC Alphaiˆ : hcp, degree Celsius ( A ; Aring ; ) : 4.6826 a ( A ; Aring ; ) : 2.9505 i‚?882oC Beta: bcc, , a ( A ; Aring ; ) : 3.3065 4.51 8.4 X 10-6 Beta: bcc a ( A ; Aring ; ) : 3.3066 8.57 7.07 x 10-6* Beta: bcc a ( A ; Aring ; ) : 3.3058 16.65 6.6 x 10-6 i‚? 863oC Alphaiˆ : hcp, degree Celsius ( A ; Aring ; ) :5.1475 a ( A ; Aring ; ) : 3.2316 i‚?863oC Beta: bcc, a ( A ; Aring ; ) : 3.6090 6.51 5.7 x 10-6 Thermal conduction ( W/ ( m.K ) 19.2 53.7 57.5 22.7 Melting temperature ( oC ) 1668 2468 2996 1857 Young ‘s Modulus, E, ( GPa ) 100-145 [ 7 ] 3 104.9 [ 8 ] 185.7 [ 9 ] 98 [ 10 ] Output strength, iys, ( MPa ) 140 [ 7 ] 3 1051 [ 8 ] 1701 [ 9 ] 276 [ 11 ] Ultimate tensile strength, iu, ( MPa ) 235 [ 7 ] 3 1951 [ 8 ] 5852 [ 8 ] 2851 [ 9 ] 6502 [ 9 ] 379 [ 11 ] Noted: 1 Anealed 2 Cold Worked 3 Refference [ 7 ] page 20 Harmonizing to the nature of their microstructure upon the room temperature commercial Ti metals may be divided as i metals, iiˆÂ «i alloys and i metals, with farther subdivision into near-i metals and metastable i alloys [ 12, 13 ] . Base on that, debasing elements of Ti are classified into i-stabilizers, i-stabilizers and neutrals, Fig II-1. Debasing elements taking to an addition in the stage transmutation temperature such as Al, O, N and C are categorised as i-stabilizer elements. On the other manus, elements dissolved in Ti diminishing the allotropic transmutation temperature are known as i-stabilizers which by and large comprises of the passage metals and baronial metals [ 3, 14 ] . The i-stabilizer elements are divided into i isomorphic component ( e.g. , V, Nb, Mo, Ta ) and i eutectoid forming elements ( e.g. Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Si, H ) . While impersonal elements produce no important alteration in the transmutation temperature ( e.g. , Sn, Zr ) [ 14 ] . The belongingss of Ti metals are attributed to debase elements composing, metallurgical processing status and comparative proportion of the phases/ microstructure formed [ 14-17 ] . Alpha Ti metals are chiefly fabricated by CP Ti and alloys with iiˆ stabilizer elements singly or combination ensuing in microstructure of iˆ i stage at room temperature. The i stage is categorized as the deficiency of heat intervention response since metastable stage no remain after chilling from high temperature. These alloy show acceptable strength, good stamina, high weirdo opposition, good weldability because they are insensitive to heat intervention, hapless forgeability peculiarly at temperature below the beta transus, and due to absence of ductile-brittle passage, the nature belongings of bcc construction, they suitable for cryogenies application. Beta Ti metals are attained by add-on high sum of i stabilizer elements to titanium. This add-on allows diminishing the beta transus and besides enables cut downing martensite start temperature ( Ms ) . Further, martensitically transmutation of i metal will be really restricted upon slaking to room temperature, ensuing in a metastable i stage. In some instances i metastable stage can partly transform into i? · stage and/or martensitic-iiˆ during the slaking processing for temperature scope depending on chilling rate and metal composing [ 18 ] . In many less of stabilised i metal, metastable i stage besides can be triggered to transform to martensitic-i because of cold work at ambient temperature [ 19, 20 ] . While, the stable i stage can be dispersed as a finely signifier in the maintained iiˆ stage after solution handling taking to increase in the mechanical belongingss [ 14 ] iˆÂ ® The advantages of the beta metal are they have high hardenability, excellence forgeabi lity, can be deformed at low temperature, high corrosion opposition and can be strengthen to high strength degree [ 21 ] . The disadvantages of the metals are higher denseness than that of iiˆÂ «i metal and lower weirdo opposition. Alpha-Beta Ti metals have composings with adequate sum of i and i stabilizer that consequence in a mixture of alpha and beta stages at room temperature. The mechanical belongingss of the iiˆÂ «i metals are tailored by composing, thermic intervention and thermo-mechanical intervention status to set the microstructural and precipitational provinces of the i constituent. The most normally used alpha beta Ti metal is Ti-Al-V. Figure 2aˆ‘1 Consequence of debasing component on stage diagram [ 14 ] Titanium and Ti metal are normally known as an attractive stuff for application in aerospace [ 22 ] , military [ 23 ] , biomedical [ 24, 25 ] , chemical industries, automotive, athleticss and many others [ 14 ] . The broad application of the metals are owing to its singular belongingss chiefly, good corrosion opposition, good biocompatibility and high strength to denseness ratio i.e. Ti possesses comparative high strength combined with low denseness [ 26, 27 ] . How to cite Study Of Titanium And Its Alloys Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Examining the Works of Beethoven Essay Example For Students

Examining the Works of Beethoven Essay When one hears the name Beethoven ?, several of his more popular piano compositions come to mind. One of these masterpieces is his Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 2, Quasi una Fantasia completed in the year 1801. While the literal translation of the compositions name is Sonata almost a Fantasy, ? it is more popularly known as The Moonlight Sonata ?. This piano sonata was given its more popular name in 1836 by German music critic, Ludwig Rellstab, several years after the death of Beethoven. The inspiration behind this name was when Rellstab visited Lake Balaton in Hungary and described the sonata as reminding him of the moonlight shining over the lake. 2 The composition of Op. 27, No. 2 seemed to begin a change or transformation in Beethovens musical pieces and the beginning of his second stylistic period. This is seen as the beginning of this change because the sonata has more a free form style and, therefore, did not follow the formal style of the classical sonata. It was during this time, the years 1801-1802, that Beethoven also began a difficult period in his life when he realized that he was losing his hearing and a personal inner struggle began which affected his music. His compositions showed a lot of misery and sorrow, but always ended with victory winning the struggle. His music was showing that he was winning the inner struggle with his hearing loss and gaining a better inner hearing by creating some of his most dramatic pieces. Quasi una Fantasia consists of three movements: Adagio Sostenuto, Allegretto, and Presto Agitato, with the first movement being the most well-known. With this particular composition, Beethoven does not follow the arrangement that was customary during that era of fast-slow-fast. Rather, he decided to follow an end-weighted ? trajectory where the fast paced and rapid music is held off until the third movement, Presto Agitato. 3 The movement is also written in fast duple meter, including dynamics with fast motion and sudden accents. 4 The third movement of this piece is in the form of a sonata-allegro form, giving it an active and restless feel5. Sonata-allegro form is a musical structure consisting of three sections: exposition, development and recapitulation, and finally a coda6. The third movement, while in sonata-allegro form, starts with the exact same notes as the first movement, Adagio Sostenuto: c-sharp, g-sharp, c-sharp and e. Beethoven also added in an agitato to the score, 1 giving the movement a fierce sound. Since Beethoven was not following the traditional form that composers used when creating compositions, he decided that he would modify the pattern of the three borrowed notes from the first movement (having the weak beat on the second note, g-sharp). Even with the transformation, he managed to keep the underlying structure the same. Beethoven has divided the single movement into two different themes or sections; an active theme and a lyrical theme. The exposition in the movement takes place from measures 1 through 64. In the first section of this exposition, Beethoven uses arpeggios for the first eight measures within a two-bar rhythm, even though the entire movement is in common time, and uses a dominant pedal point up until the arpeggiations end, which would be measure 14. 8 For the next seven measures, Beethoven uses a mini transition passage to connect the first and second subjects; it starts in the tonic and eventually transitions into the key of G# minor9. It remains until the last two bars where it, once again, transitions into the key of C# minor. From the key of C# minor, it modulates into the tonic (C# major) where Beethoven transitions into the development of the sonata form10. This development begins at measure 66 (which is the second ending of the exposition) and ends at measure 102. While measure 66 is a repeat of the first subject, Beethoven decided to alter the key and make this section start out higher in the key of F# minor, only to have the melody shift to the bass line. 1 The recapitulation can be found from measures 103-158. It is at this point where Beethoven decides to bring back the first theme from the exposition. However, within the recapitulation, much like the exposition, there are two themes in this change. First, Beethoven decided not to include a mini transition passage ? connecting the two subjects, and, secondly, Beethoven brought the second subject back to the original key of C# minor. 12 To conclude, any co mposition in the sonata form includes a coda, a passage that brings a musical piece to an end. .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 , .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 .postImageUrl , .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 , .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7:hover , .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7:visited , .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7:active { border:0!important; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7:active , .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7 .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaab286cca10d53ea8ad695ed911ae9d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Appraisal EssayBeethoven was known to change this composition style by expanding this section of the movement and giving it the same musical emphasis as the previous sections thereby producing a dramatic end. In this movement, the coda begins at measure 158. Here, Beethoven briefly brought back the first subject only to have diminished 7ths follow right after13. He then goes to bring back the second subject and decides to finally end the piece after inserting arpeggios. This gives the ending to the piece, the dramatic conclusion and the triumph of victory. Bibliography: 1. Beethovens Not-So Moonlight Sonata: Example classical music analysis essay. Free Essay Sample / Example. http://www.essaybyexample.com/free-essay-samples/essay-Beethoven-Moonlight-Sonata.php (accessed September 23, 2014). 2. Beethoven- ËÅ"Moonlight Sonata. Classical Music Blog. http://classicalmusicblog.com/2007/09/beethoven-sonata.html#analysis (accessed September 20, 2014). 3. Drake, Kenneth. Quasi usa Fantasia. In The Beethoven sonatas and the creative experience, 117-121. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994. 4. Farlex. Sonata-allegro form. The Free Dictionary. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Sonata-allegro+form (accessed September 20, 2014). 5. Harding, H. A.. Sonata No. 14. In Analysis of form in Beethovens Sonatas, 28-30. London: Novello, 1901. 6. History behind Beethovens Moonlight Sonata (Sonata No. 14, No. 2, Op. 27). The Moonlight Sonata. http://www.moonlightsonata.co.uk/history_behind_the_moonlight_sonata/ (accessed September 20, 2014) 7. JandÃÆ' ³, JenÃÆ' ¶. Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-Sharp Minor, Op. 27 No. 2, Moonlight  : III. Presto Agitato. N.d. Naxos Music Library. Web 20 September 2014 8. Piano Sonata No. 14 Moonlight. Beethoven. http://www.classiccat.net/beethoven_l_van/27-2.info.php (accessed September 20, 2014). 9. Pierre Beaudry, The Truth About Beethovens So-Called Moonlight Sonata    , (May 8, 2011). 10. Rosen, Charles. Youthful Popularity 1800-1802. In Beethovens piano sonatas: a short companion, 157. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. 11. The Sonata in the Classical Era. Chapter 25:. http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/complete/ch/25/outline.aspx (accessed September 23, 2014)

Friday, November 29, 2019

Rappaccinis Daughter Essays (1280 words) - Rappaccinis Daughter

Rappaccinis Daughter In Rappaccini's Daughter, Nathaniel Hawthorne examines the combination of good and evil in people through the relationships of the story's main characters. The lovely and yet poisonous Beatrice, the daughter of the scientist Rappaccini, is the central figure of the story, while her neighbor Giovanni becomes the observer, participant, and interpreter of the strange events that transpire within the garden next door. It is Giovanni's inability to understand these events that eventually leads to Beatrice's death. Giovanni sees things that are either all good or all bad. While he is quick to judge Beatrice, he is unable to examine his own motives and thoughts. During the story, Hawthorne gives the reader many clues of Giovanni's selfish and fickle nature. In the end, Beatrice dies because of Giovanni and his own poisonous nature. The moral of the story is that every persons character is both good and evil in nature. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses Giovanni and Beatrice to explore the impossibility of totally separating good and evil from the human character. At the beginning of the story, a young man named Giovanni Guasconti is introduced to the readers as a typical homesick student from Southern Italy. He is at once attracted to the beautiful garden next door belonging to the mysterious scientist, Dr. Rappaccini. Not only is he fascinated by the scientist and his garden, but he is instantly enchanted by Rappaccini's beautiful daughter, Beatrice. The second time Giovanni sees Beatrice from his window overlooking the garden, he notices several unusual things. First, he believes that he sees a lizard die suddenly at Beatrice's feet. Then a swarm of insects appear to die from her breath, and finally, the flowers that he gives to her seem to wither from her touch. However, Hawthorne is careful to never fully confirm what Giovanni sees. Hawthorne frequently uses words like imagine, seemed, or appeared to to cast a doubt upon the validity of what Giovanni thinks he sees. Even Giovanni himself rationalizes the situation and convinces himself th at what he thought he saw did not happen. This is because in Giovanni's mind, it is impossible to separate the physical from the spiritual. For him, if Beatrice's body is poisonous, then so is her spirit. Giovanni is unable to see the possibilities for good and bad to be simultaneously within someone. This problem is at the heart of this story and is what ultimately causes Beatrice's death. Since Giovanni allows himself to disbelieve what he had seen earlier in the garden, he is able to fall for Beatrice. Giovanni is drawn to Beatrice not because of the glamor of science, but an interest in the unknown. He knows that all is not right in Rappaccini's garden and he is fascinated with the mystery. As Giovanni and Beatrice get to know each other, they develop a strong bond. However, for Giovanni this is not true love. Hawthorne provides the reader with clues that question the integrity of Giovanni. For example, Hawthorne writes, Guasconti had not a deep heart or at all events, its depth s are not sounded now-but he had a quick fancy, and an ardent southern temperament, which rose every instant to higher fever-pitch (Hawthorne 614). Not only is Giovanni passionate in his lust for Beatrice, but he also idealizes her as an angel. While he finds her to be maiden-like, he also considers her worthy to be worshipped (Hawthorne 619). Occasionally, Giovanni's doubts come forth, And at such times, he was startled at the horrible suspicions that rose, monster-like, out of the caverns of his heart, and stared him in the face; his love grew thin and faint as the morning-mist; his doubts alone had substance (Hawthorne 620). But always, Giovanni is able to squash these doubts and he convinces himself of Beatrice's purity. He is able to do this because otherwise he could not be with her. Giovanni does not see the possibility that there can be both good and evil within someone. For him, he thinks that someone is either all good or all bad. Even after Dr. Baglioni's revelation about Beatrice, Giovanni tries not to see the possibilities of Beatrice being poisonous. It is only when he realizes that now he too is poisonous

Monday, November 25, 2019

A Calculator Example Program (With Java Code)

A Calculator Example Program (With Java Code) The following Java code is for a simple calculator. There are nine JButtons to represent the numbers 1 to 9, and three JButtons for addition, subtraction and totaling the result. A JTextField at the top keeps track of the numbers being pressed and the result of the arithmetic operation. Java Code The purpose of this Java program  is to show how to implement an  ActionListener  interface for handling JButton button  event  clicks by using the containing class, an inner class, and  an anonymous inner class. //Imports are listed in full to show whats being used //could just import javax.swing.* and java.awt.* etc.. import java.awt.EventQueue; import java.awt.GridLayout; import java.awt.BorderLayout; import java.awt.event.ActionListener; import java.awt.event.ActionEvent; import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JPanel; import javax.swing.JTextField; import javax.swing.JButton; import java.awt.Container; public class SimpleCalc implements ActionListener{ JFrame guiFrame; JPanel buttonPanel; JTextField numberCalc; int calcOperation 0; int currentCalc; //Note: Typically the main method will be in a //separate class. As this is a simple one class //example its all in the one class. public static void main(String[] args) { //Use the event dispatch thread for Swing components EventQueue.invokeLater(new Runnable() { Override public void run() { new SimpleCalc(); } }); } public SimpleCalc() { guiFrame new JFrame(); //make sure the program exits when the frame closes guiFrame.setDefaultClo seOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); guiFrame.setTitle(Simple Calculator); guiFrame.setSize(300,300); //This will center the JFrame in the middle of the screen guiFrame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); numberCalc new JTextField(); numberCalc.setHorizontalAlignment(JTextField.RIGHT); numberCalc.setEditable(false); guiFrame.add(numberCalc, BorderLayout.NORTH); buttonPanel new JPanel(); //Make a Grid that has three rows and four columns buttonPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(4,3)); guiFrame.add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER); //Add the number buttons for (int i1;i10;i) { addButton(buttonPanel, String.valueOf(i)); } JButton addButton new JButton(); addButton.setActionCommand(); OperatorAction subAction new OperatorAction(1); addButton.addActionListener(subAction); JButton subButton new JButton(-); subButton.setActionCommand(-); OperatorAction addAction new OperatorAction(2); subButton.addActionListener(addAction); JButton equalsButton new JButton(); equalsButton.setActionCommand(); eq ualsButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { if (!numberCalc.getText().isEmpty()) { int number Integer.parseInt(numberCalc.getText()); if (calcOperation 1) { int calculate currentCalc number; numberCalc.setText(Integer.toString(calculate)); } else if (calcOperation 2 { int calculate currentCalc - number; numberCalc.setText(Integer.toString(calculate)); } } } }); buttonPanel.add(addButton); buttonPanel.add(subButton); buttonPanel.add(equalsButton); guiFrame.setVisible(true); } //All the buttons are following the same pattern //so create them all in one place. private void addButton(Container parent, String name) { JButton but new JButton(name); but.setActionCommand(name); but.addActionListener(this); parent.add(but); } //As all the buttons are doing the same thing its //easier to make the class implement the ActionListener //interface and control the button clicks from one place Override public void actionPerform ed(ActionEvent event) { //get the Action Command text from the button String action event.getActionCommand(); //set the text using the Action Command text numberCalc.setText(action); } private class OperatorAction implements ActionListener { private int operator; public OperatorAction(int operation) { operator operation; } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { currentCalc Integer.parseInt(numberCalc.getText()); calcOperation operator; } } }

Thursday, November 21, 2019

How Collaborative is Collaborative Writing Personal Statement - 17

How Collaborative is Collaborative Writing - Personal Statement Example Having read the writings of both professionals and fellow students, I reached the conclusion that writings vary in their genre and accordingly style and extent of formality in language. While scholarly writings sound very professional and are very formally written, essays and articles written by my fellow students reflected the sort of language we speak in daily life with each other. I learned that vocabulary has a very important role to play in making an assignment-sound professional. One of the quickest ways that can be employed to supply more information with basic sentence patterns is writing phrases (Jones and Fairness 118). These days, it has become relatively easier to choose weighty words as MS Word gives the option of selecting synonyms for words. The less common a word is spoken in routine language, the more suitable it becomes for inserting in academic writings given it does justice to the context and projects the intended meaning as accurately as possible. Peer and collaborative work were very enjoyable and great learning experience. Collaborative writing can be defined as activities related to the creation of a document by at least two authors. Collaborative components include pre-draft discussions and post-draft debates (Dillon). I learned that people’s ideas and thoughts about a subject are influenced by, and often determined by their cultural and religious affiliations and ethnic origins. Collaborative work is of immense value particularly in the contemporary increasingly multicultural work environment because it encapsulates ideas and opinions coming from a variety of backgrounds and origins. Some assignments required us to review each other’s work and respond accordingly.  

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Outline summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline summary - Assignment Example ck of differentiation between the political and social spheres in non-Western societies, he implies that such a differentiation exists in Western societies. Diamant asserts that a strict segregation between the Western and non-Western political process will, as Rustow states in â€Å"New Horizons for Comparative Politics† (qtd. in Diamant 123), be dangerous as it would imply that the data and ideas of Western politics cannot contribute much to the non-Western systems. There is, Diamant states, no strict dichotomy between the two. He illustrates his point by quoting from Pyre’s paper, for instance, he quotes Pye’s example of a non-Western system where changes in one’s political affiliation lead up to changes in a person’s social and personal relationships, then he debunks it by stating how this is true of a Western political system as well – in the Democratic vs. Republican scenario of the US, for instance. Diamant asserts that the non-Western political process is not new and in this regard the Western political process, specifically that of Europe, in dealing with concepts such as industrialization could afford much help and guidance. The changes caused by industrialization in Western political process, â€Å"can serve as a guide for assessing the effects of a similar process on non-European traditional societies† (Diamant 125). Diamant proposes that if the typical Western ideal-type political process, based on the British political system and society, is abandoned, and in its stead some continental political system is adopted as the ideal-type, â€Å"[n]on-Western political systems would become more comprehensible and less remote† (Diamant 125). Finally, Diamant discusses and examines five of the seventeen characteristics of the non-Western model presented by Pye, and shows how these characteristics are not typically non-Western, but are in fact present in the Western political process just as much. One such characteristic is that, according to Pye, in

Monday, November 18, 2019

Cold War pattern of conflicts and its influence on international Dissertation

Cold War pattern of conflicts and its influence on international relations in the context of Vietnam War - Dissertation Example ‘Domino Effect’ was stated in viewing Russia’s increasing influence over the South East Asian regions, which was taken by America as a major threat against it (Kane, 2006, pp. 101-102). The Cold War was the most significant diplomatic concern in the post war era. The beginning of the cold war made the European countries from a dispute between them in supporting the capitalist and communist regimes. This dispute between the European nations culminated into the division of the European continent into two ideological factions. Marshall Plan, which was developed by John Marshall during 1947, signified America’s economic cooperation to develop the European continent and form a reunion. The plan signified America’s continuous interests in political, strategic and economic interests over Western Europe (Northrup, 2003, p.177). President Truman during 1947 passed his doctrine which proclaimed Cold War with the Communist regions of the world along with Soviet Russia. This anti-communist program of President Truman observed as a global policy for maintaining security targeted the communist nations as plausible threat towards obstructing America’s dominion over the East Asian countries (Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, & Gerstle, 2007, pp.1012-1013). The tension and competition between the two countries United States and Russia gained ground along their nuclear and space programs. America and Russia focused on enhancing their space technology programs to further strengthen their security dynamism and gaining political and strategic advantage. Both the countries started specializing on the development of rockets and spaceships to gain supremacy in outer space (Sagdeev & Eisenhower, 2008). In the field of nuclear technology the two countries also contested heavily with the discovery of atomic materials. America was found opposing the Soviet stands in gaining supremacy over entering into new atomic areas and discoveries (Crockatt, 1996, p. 57). The Cold War conflicts between the superpower nations belonging to the Communist and Western powers accumulated to the spreading of war in the Korean and Vietnamese territory. Russian attacks on South Korea were heavily counteracted by the American troops through the sending of required resources to the newly independent colonies, which were under French rule. United States government in their move to restrict the ascension of Russian troops to gain control over South Korea strongly conducted the opposition, which resulted in heavy combat. United States also took a firm stand of restricting Communist factions from gaining their stand in the Vietnamese regions. The government of America took control of the Southern region of Vietnam and defended further Communist aggression (Wouri, 2000). Further the region of South East Asia reflected conflicts between countries like Russia, United States and China. The end of the Cold War period led to the downfall of Russia and the rise of Un ited States to gain supremacy over the East Asian region. The period of Cold War also led to the emergence of China as a regional power through the increased collaboration of United States. Both countries United States and China however helped each other in removing Russia and gaining dominance over South East Asia (Ross, 2009, p.47). The paper attempts to find out how

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Gene Therapy and Genetic Engineering for Curing Disorders

Gene Therapy and Genetic Engineering for Curing Disorders Introduction Now a days Gene therapy is a well known process of treatment of various genetic and other chronic diseases whereas, most of the drugs and vaccines have been discovered till now for almost all the kinds of diseases but still some of the diseases like cancer and AIDS are incurable. Hence, Gene therapy is seeking all the attention and is much beneficial. As gene therapy is the technique that deals with the treatment or the prevention of various diseases. Besides this, Genetic Engineering is another technique which is quite useful for designing, editing or creating a manual recombinant for the sake of getting a better trait, character or expression in the desired species i.e, recombinant insulin production in bacteria. Instead of growing human insulin in bacteria. Genetic engineering could theoretically be used to introduce the insulin gene into human cells that do not possess a functional copy. (That would still not cure diabetes unless these cells were also capable of appropriately increasing or decreasing their output of insulin according to conditions.) This type of genetic engineering is called gene therapy, the introduction of genetically engineered cells into an individual for therapeutic purposes. Three general requirements for gene therapy, first presented in 1980 should be shown in animal studies that; The new gene can be put into the correct target cells and will remain there long enough to be effective The new gene will be expressed in the cells at an appropriate level The new gene will not harm the cell or, by extension, the animal. These three requisites, summarized as delivery, expression, and safety, will each be examined in turn. These criteria are very similar to those required prior to the use of any new drug, therapeutic procedure, or surgical operation. The requirements simply state that the new treatment should get to the area of disease, correct it, and do more good than harm. Some flexibility is necessary since the criteria might be altered for a critically ill patient for whom no further conventional therapy is available. The exact definitions of what is long enough to be effective, what level is an appropriate level, and how much harm is meant by harm, are questions for ongoing discussion as more is learned about gene therapy. Ultimately, local Institutional Review Boards and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the latter through its newly created Working Group on Human Gene Therapy, must decide if a given protocol is ready for human application. Once the criteria are satisfied, that is, when the probable benefits for the patient are expected to exceed the possible risks, then attempts to cure h uman genetic disease by treatment with somatic cell gene therapy would be ethical. The goal of biomedical research is, and has always been, to alleviate human suffering. Gene therapy is a proper and logical part of that effort. (Anderson and Fletcher, 2010) Many diseases are genetically determined; for example, Huntington’s disease and cystic fibrosis (CF). Others are influenced by genes, but involve additional factors as well; for example, cancer and diabetes mellitus. Recent scientific developments make it possible for medicine to target such genetically related diseases at the molecular level, and thus offer the prospects of effective new therapies. The genes of somatic cells can be manipulated to modify a disease in an individual. If genes in germ cells are modified, a genetic disease may be prevented in progeny as well. In this essay, we will consider some of the scientific, social, and ethical issues associated with such genetic therapies. (Robert George, 2008) Genetic engineering is any process in which an organism’s genome is intentionally altered. Genetic engineering does not encompass traditional breeding techniques because it requires manipulation of an organism’s genes through cloning or transformation via the addition of foreign DNA. This process has five steps: Isolation of the genes Insertion of those genes into a transfer vector (a virus or a plasmid used as a conduit) Transfer of the vector to the organism to be modified Transformation of that organism’s cells Separation of the genetically modified organism (GMO) from organisms that have not been successfully modified. (Kathy, 2010) Genetic engineering is the direct alteration of individual genotypes. It is also called recombinant DNA technology or gene splicing, terms which are used interchangeably. Human genes can be inserted into human cells for therapeutic purposes. In addition, because all species carry their genetic information in DNA and use the same genetic code, genes can be moved from one species to another. (Pratik, 2007) Despite the everyday progresses of medicine solutions for human health, today cancer is still one of the biggest challenges for humanity. Thanks to the advancements in prevention and in treatment, the survival rate has been improved in the last few years. However, cancer remains one of the main causes of death worldwide with 8.2 million of death occurred in 2012. It is estimated that by 2020, there will be between 15 and 17 million new cases of cancer every year, 60% of which will be in developing countries. In economical developed countries the burden of cancer is a result of population aging and growth as well as an increasing adoption of cancer-associated lifestyle choices including smoking, physical inactivity, and ‘‘westernized’’ diets. Cancer, as definition, is the uncontrolled growth of cells that can occur in any type of tissue and, at the late stage, these cells lose their adhesion capacities and migrate to healthy tissues. Other than surgical treat ment, the different options are all based on a mechanical or pharmacological killing action against cancer cells, possibly avoiding the side effect damages of healthy cells. (Marco et al, 2015) Nanotechnology is one of the best promises to attack cancer cells more specifically, effectively and to reduce undesired side effects. In other terms, nanotechnology can be used to transport drugs to a specific site using specific keys such as antibodies. Moreover, in the context of developing innovative theranostics, nanomaterials could be used for imaging as a diagnostic tool and, at the same time, to stimulate and control the release of drugs in the cancer site. In the recent years numerous nanomaterials have been explored for potential theranostic applications for cancer therapy thanks to their properties. Compared to traditional molecular contrast agents or drugs, nanomaterials can be engineered to improve and integrate multiple functions in a single system also to give the control of drugs release, being of hope for the building of a next generation of anticancer tools i.e, Graphene. (Shanmugam, 2014) Materials and Methods Gene therapy is defined as â€Å"the treatment or prevention of disease by gene transfer† and involves the genetic modification of human cells by introducing one or more new genes. There are two types of gene therapy somatic and germ line: †¢ Somatic cell gene therapy involves the genetic modification of any cells in a patient’s body apart from the reproductive cells (egg and sperm). The intention is to confine changes to the individual being treated and the parts of the body where the illness is experienced (such as the lungs with cystic fibrosis) so the genetic alteration should not be passed on to the patient’s children. Somatic cell gene therapy is the only form that is permitted in this country. †¢ Germ line gene therapy involves genetically modifying a fertilised egg and therefore will affect not only the individual that develops from it, but also their offspring and successive generations. Because no actual therapy of an individual is involved, it is more accurately called germ line gene transfer. Although germ line genetic modification of plants and animals is now commonplace, germ line genetic modification of humans is currently banned in this country. This is in line with an existing world-wide consensus that such techniques should not be allowed because of the serious ethical and health implications of modifying the human germ line. (Mountain, 2000) In vivo is the working on germ line gene therapy within an organism. In vitro is related to the somatic cell gene therapy outside the organism i.e, in Lab. Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes are enzymes used to cut DNA at specific sites. There are several hundred restriction enzymes currently known and each cuts DNA at a different nucleotide sequence; these target sites are generally about four to eight nucleotides long. Each of these restriction enzymes is a normal product of a particular bacterial species, and most are named after the bacteria from which they are derived. Each species’ restriction enzyme cuts the DNA from other species, but not its own, because its own DNA does not contain the nucleotide sequence that is the target site for its own enzyme. (Pratik, 2007) Methods of DNA transfer Various methods of DNA or gene transfer are as follows; (Sukharev, 2010) Human Gene Therapy At present, the only human tissue that can be used effectively for gene transfer is bone marrow. No other cells (except, perhaps, skin cells) can be extracted from the body, grown in culture to allow insertion of exogenous genes, and then successfully reimplanted into the patient from whom the tissue was taken. In the future, as more is learned about how to package the DNA and to make it tissuespecific, the intravenous route would be the simplest and most desirable. However, attempting to give a foreign gene by injection directly into the bloodstream is not advisable with our present state of knowledge since the procedure would be enormously inefficient and there would be little control over the DNAs fate. Studies are considerably more advanced with bone. Patients with serious genetic diseases have little other hope at present for alleviation of their medical problems. Arguments that genetic engineering might someday be misused do not justify the needless perpetuation of human suffering that would result from an unnecessary delay in the clinical application of this potentially powerful therapeutic procedure. (Anderson and Fletcher, 2010) Arguments against Human Germ line Gene Therapy The ethical arguments against the use of a human germline gene therapy fall into three categories: Potential clinical risks The broader concern of changing the gene pool, genetic inheritance of the human population Social dangers. Ethical Issues Results In recent years, a variety of techniques have been developed to identify genes associated with specific diseases. Since 1990, when the first protocols for gene therapy were approved, over 100 new research protocols have been initiated for a variety of diseases, In the case of somatic cell therapies, the nature of a particular disease and other factors determine the specific cells targeted for genetic manipulation. Target cells have included lung, liver, white blood, endothelial, and cancer cells. All research to date has involved somatic cells, and the techniques used make improbable the spread of altered genes to germ cells. However, it seems likely that we will ultimately be able to alter the genes of germ cells, so that whatever changes are made are passed on to the subjects’ progeny. In current therapies (all of which are somatic cell), vectors are used to introduce new genetic material into target cells. Vectors are agents to which new genetic material is attached. A lot of betterment and efficiency have been observed by the implementation of the methods of gene therapy in curing disorders. Hence, gene therapy along with the genetic engineering plays an important role in the health care of human as well besides the animals and plants. The point is, it is just taken under a limitation by some of the organizations regarding to some ethical issues otherwise it is the futute treatment of all the diseases. Conclusions Gene therapy not only brings the prospect of treatments for previously untreatable illnesses, it may also enable the prevention of certain diseases through the correction of genetic disorders. However, it is clear from gene therapy under development that, in the short to medium term, most gene therapy will not be used for prevention but for developing more effective ‘genebased’ treatments for cancer and AIDS. Although gene therapy has been heralded as a major breakthrough in medical science, it also carries the potential for abuse and for commercial imperatives, not human need, to drive its progress. The demands of industry in maintaining investor confidence may increase the dangers to patients through secrecy and poor supervision. Placing too much emphasis on genes as the determining factor in health and disease may lead to prolongation of suffering as a result of other underlying causes being neglected. It may also give rise to new insidious practices of genetic discrimination in areas such as employment, insurance and health care. Avoiding the pitfalls whilst reaping the benefits of gene therapy is the challenge for politicians and regulators. Crucially, society must not be overcome by ‘genetic determinism’ or ‘genetic thinking’ and the hype of the biotechnology companies if health care issues are to be addressed effectively. References Sade RM, Khushf G., 2008, Gene therapy: Ethical and social issues, Carolina Med Assoc. 94(9):406-410. Kathy Wilson P., 2010, Biotechnology and genetic engineering, pg.12 Pratik Satya, 2007, Genetic Engineering and genomics, pg.95-122. Mountain A., 2000, Human Gene Therapy: A cure for all ills, Tibtech, 18: 119-128. Anderson and Fletcher, 2010, human Gene Therapy, Scientific and ethical considerations, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 10:275-291. Marco Orecchioni, Roberto Cabizza, Alberto Bianco and Lucia Gemma Delogu, 2015, Graphene as Cancer Theranostic Tool: Progress and Future Challenges, Theranostics, 5(7): 710-723. Shanmugam V, Selvakumar S, Yeh CS., 2014, Near-infrared light-responsive nanomaterials in cancer therapeutics, Chemical Society reviews; 43: 6254-87. Sukharev, SI, Klenchin, VA, Serov, SM, Chernomordik, LV Chizmadzhev, YA., 2010, Electroporation and electrophoretic DNA transfer into cells. The effect of DNA interaction with electropores. Biophys, 63 (5):1320-1327.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Human Rights vs. Sovereignty :: Human Rights Essays

The massive, protracted bombing of Serbia was "the first offensive action for NATO, and the first time that Allied armed forces were unleashed against a sovereign nation with which the United States was not formally at war or without express authorization by the United Nations Security Council," observes Stephen Presser, professor of law at Northwestern University. "What we were doing in the Balkans is part of the post-Vietnam creation of a new set of doctrines of international law. These doctrines lack clearly defined limits," he warns. "We may be witnessing the opening moves in the forging of a New Global order that fundamentally impairs national sovereignty and allows possessors of superior military force to dictate the basic terms of domestic life to other nations without even the formalities of conquest." In the current issue of Orbis, a quarterly publication of the Foreign Policy Research Institute (fpri.org), Presser argues that the real reason for NATO's bombing of a sovereign nation "appears to have been to compel Belgrade to cede autonomy, if not territory, to a minority ethnic group. What is there, then, in the United Nations charter or in international law that would authorize our action in the Balkans," he asks, "and what, if any, are the reach and the limits of our new doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention? The UN Charter seeks to secure both the protection of 'fundamental human rights' and the 'equal rights' of 'nations large and small,'" Presser notes. "The Charter clearly undertakes to protect the territorial integrity and the sovereignty of individual nations, and seems to preclude interference in a nation's domestic affairs unless the Security Council declares a situation a threat to 'international peace and security' and expressly authorizes int ervention. While the UN and its agencies expressed official concern about what went on in the Balkans," he affirms, "the Security Council did not authorize intervention in Kosovo by UN or NATO forces." Presser points out that "a series of international law doctrines wholly outside the UN Charter authorize interference by one state in another's affairs. These have included military actions to protect one's own citizens who are within another's borders, and there have been several armed interventions by individual or groups of nations purportedly to protect the rights of minorities in particular or human rights in general, whether or not the individuals to be protected were citizens of the intervening nations.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Administrative Assistant

Ace the Interview Secretary/Administrative Assistant If youre new to the professional arena, chances are you may be new to interviewing as well. These tips from Best-Job-Interview.com can help you practice your answers and prepare to face your interview with poise, wit, and composure.First off,   review your resume and cover letter and have anecdotes from your work background- even if youre making a career change or only have informal internship experience- ready to go when prompted. Be able to talk specifically about what you did in your last position and how that prepares you to meet the challenges of this prospective job.Here are some common questions you might face on interview day.What made you apply for this job?The answer to this one should not be Because I need money, even if thats the honest truth! Identify some aspects of the jobs responsibilities or the company itself that make you most excited to join their team. Do you see it as part of your long-term goals? Do you pride yourself on providing excellent customer service? Have you always wanted to work for a major media outlet?What motivates you?Again, the right answer here is not $$$$! Be wary of potentially prejudicial responses- employers are legally not allowed to ask about age, marital status, or whether youre a parent, but many people reveal this information too casually in questions like these. Its sexist and nonsensical, sure, but to be on the safe side, come up with an answer about your drive, or your enthusiasm for the industry, or a mentor/role model who inspires you.What qualities do you consider most important in a secretary or administrative professional?Refer directly to your resume if you need examples for this one! You can also memorize some of the requirements from the job posting and rattle those off to show you understand the company culture and are ready to rise to their expectations.What are some of your strengths and weaknesses?This is a time for medium honesty. Be confident about your strengths, for sure- particularly if you k now you have references who will agree that youre a dynamic go-getter with poise and a professional attitude. Then,  perform that age-old weaknesses spin where you highlight your perfectionism or the fact that youre so eager to do well that sometimes you need help with prioritizing tasks.What did you enjoy the most, and the least, about your last job?Your answer to this question should reveal something about your attitude towards work in general, but shouldnt devolve into complaints about your last job. After all, if youll complain  about your previous employer, theres nothing to suggest you wont complain  equally freely about your next one.The absence of challenges, support, or adequate benefits is a pretty safe one, or if there were no long-term opportunities for you there.An employer wants to hear that you have real-world experience, that youre an effective employee, and that you can think creatively  about different job contexts. For example, my first job out of college, my main work experience was as a Teaching Assistant and as an employee of Build-a-Bear Workshop. I was able to demonstrate that hosting a birthday party for ten sugared-up 9-year-olds was pretty similar to shepherding a dynamic list of titles to publication, to the amusement of the editors who were interviewing me. Hey, I got the job!

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Eighteenth Century Life in Papal Rome essays

Eighteenth Century Life in Papal Rome essays The book, Daily Life in Papal Rome in the Eighteenth Century, by Maurice Andrieux, is an enlightening piece of work that describes how the Romans lived; how they thought about life; and how the leadership of the Popes ruled and the different personalities toward the Church. The information and descriptions about the Popes were quite interesting. The author describes the day-to-day life with vivid details of the people and the scenery. It also examines the lives of the Popes during the eighteenth century in a most realistic way. The author, Andrieux describes the Pope's strengths and weakness in a very colorful manner. One truly gets a realistic feeling of what it was like to live in Papal Rome. In a very unbiased way, the author showed how the people of Rome lived during the Eighteenth Century. Although one can feel the French connection and that his side might be impartial on some of his chapters since he is from French descent. The color of Rome was one of superb glamour. It was like no other place in the world. Most people would be surprised and shocked about how Rome was during the Eighteenth Century. They were very sinful and found ways to rationalize their behavior in this period. The other story is the changing times around Papal Rome and how the French revolution destroyed the culture, which always changed Rome. The lifestyle was something of the Arabian nights, and Holy Communion all rolled into one. The Book, really explains how the Italian people of today came to be the way they are. Maurice Andrieux is a French historian who has written many books and whose historical articles have been published in French magazines and journals. He has received some awards from the Academia Francaise for his work in historical writings. In summarizing the book, eighteenth-century Rome was a beautiful place to live, in which time has seemed to have past by. It was like living in the past and enjoying the special things that Rome ha...

Monday, November 4, 2019

The IOM Future of Nursing report related to the nursing workforce Essay

The IOM Future of Nursing report related to the nursing workforce - Essay Example Importance of the IOM â€Å"Future of Nursing† Report Nurses practice in various settings such as schools, retail health clinics, battlefields, public health centers, long-term care facilities, homes, and hospitals. They have differing levels of competencies and education in the entire nursing sector. The committee put into consideration nurses at all levels including their settings, education levels, and roles in an attempt to envision the profession’s future (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). The Future of Nursing report is very important since it addresses some of issues facing nurses such as differing education and competency levels. Several barriers obstruct the nurses from responding effectively to the rapidly transforming health settings as well as the evolving health care system. The barriers have to be overcome to make sure that nurses are in a good position to advance health and lead change. Apart from seeking to remove these barriers, the report recommends the improvement of the nursing education system. This is because patients’ needs are becoming more sophisticated and thus, the nurses have to attain requisite competencies in order to deliver care that is of high quality (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). ... Some of the main issues raised by the report are that nurses should practice to the greatest extent considering their training and eductaion; and that the education system that is in place to train nurses should be improved so as to encourage higher training and education of nurses for better servieces(Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). In this respect, the report recommends that varous boards, government bodies, accrediting societies and healthcare organizations should support nurses during their residency once they have successfully completed the prerequisite courses or when they are taking new areas related to clinical pratice. In addition, the report recommends that the proportion of nurses holding a baccalaureate degree should be inreased from 50% to 80% and the number of nurses with a doctorate dregree doubled by 2020 (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). In order to achieve this goal, academic nurse leaders should join forces and partner with other organizations to establish a workforce that is responsive to the diverse healthcare needs of the population. Furthermore, the report notes that nurses should participate fully in redisigning the country’s health care. Yet again, the report notes that better information collection and infrustructure is valuable if effective policies have to be made and the workforce properly planned. The Intent of the Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action The Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action represents an exceptional initiative to tackle the elevated demands for care by using all the talents, experience, skills, and knowledge of nurses. The main aim of the Campaign for Action is to manage the implementation of the IOM landmark report recommendations. The campaign

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Analyse the economic arguments of an independent central bank Essay

Analyse the economic arguments of an independent central bank - Essay Example It must be remembered that while affecting this right to any amount of degree the State is also assuming responsibility for the value of legal tender to an equivalent extent. Maintaining internal and external value of legal tender money is a function of inflation targeting and appreciation/depreciation of currency. Whether such critical monetary policy outcomes be left independent in the hands of Central Bank professionals or be merrily dictated by elected politicians who are often not trained in such trade. We discuss this and concomitant issues in paragraphs below. The most preferred and often cited argument favoring an independent central bank is that the power to expend money should be separated or delinked substantially from the power to create money. In case these two capabilities converge we have spendthrift governments indulging in fiscal profligacy while the Central Bank simply acts as a 24/7 mint or currency printing house. State control over the ability to create money has resulted in several episodes of economic mess. Even in the days of the ancient Roman Empire the tax collection by state officers in the form of silver coins ended up being melted and corrupted with inferior metals. This gave Caesar substantial money to divert to his luxuries and such spending was a multiple time of what came in as collected tax. The result was a spiraling inflation as now more coins vied for smaller stock of market wares. In todays monetary systems running on paper, plastic and electronic money the Roman story has been repeated quite often. The Latin American inflations are fable material with inflation rates sky rocketing often to 200% or more. In some extreme cases what was affordable at twilight became unaffordable by daylight. With complex and fine lending and borrowing of money as investible funds, interest rates have turned indicators that are pliable in the hands policy makers or dictators as the case may be.Government, myopic with political

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law - Essay Example Issues Relevant to The Contract for the Sale of the Van Misrepresentation In negotiating for the purchase of a van from Daly, Winston explained that the putative van must have a storage capability of 200 feet and must be capable of regularly transporting antique furniture up to 1 ton. Based on these requirements, Daly told Winston that he had a van the fit Winston’s requirements and a van was offered for sale and accepted based on Daly’s representations. In fact, Daly also noted that the van in question had hardly been broken in. It is a fundamental rule of contract law that the parties to a contract enter into a contract on the basis of an understanding that they will receive the benefit bargained for and forming the inducement to enter into the contract.1 In addition, should one of the contracting parties fail to perform as mandated pursuant to the contract, the party losing the benefit bargained for and reflected in the contract for sale, is entitled to compensation for that loss.2 When the party loses the entire benefit of his or her bargain, he is entitled to treat the contract as terminated.3 Under the contract for the sale of the van, Winston was promised and expected to receive a van capable of replacing the van lost in the conduct of the antique shop’s business. The truck however, turned out to be inadequate as a replacement vehicle. The question is therefore whether or not the van’s failure to live up to expectations amounts to a breach of the contract on Daly’s part. Daly did make certain representations or as it turned out, misrepresentations that the van in question was fit for purpose. Misrepresentation occurs when false information is communicated and that false information induces the other party to enter a contract to which the false information applies.4 Misrepresentation can be made fraudulently or negligently or innocently.5 It is difficult to discern from the facts of the case for discussion whether or not the false information provided by Daly that the van was fit for its intended purpose was negligent, innocent or fraudulent. However, as a skilled or experienced salesman, it can be assumed that at the very least, Daly ought to have known whether or not the van was fit for purpose. It is therefore reasonable to assume that Daly’s misrepresentation was negligent at the very least. Regardless, it will be for Winston to prove that he relied on the information communicated to him or was induced by that information to enter into the contract.6 It can be assumed from the facts that Winston did in fact rely on Daly’s communication of facts since he was looking for a specific van with specific requirements and communicated those facts to Daly. Fit for Purpose Quite apart from misrepresentation, Winston can consider taking action against Daly under statute. By statutory law, it is an implied term of contracts for the sale of goods that goods purchased for a specific purpose are fit for purpose. By virtue of Section 14 (3) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, where a purchaser either â€Å"expressly or by implication makes known to the seller† it is implied that the â€Å"goods supplied under the contract are reasonably fit for that purpose† unless the purchaser â€Å"does not rely,† on the â€Å"skill or judgment of the seller†.7 Winston can prove that he rel

Monday, October 28, 2019

Animals In Captivity Essay Example for Free

Animals In Captivity Essay In 2008 at the Singapore Zoo, three white Bengal tigers attacked and mauled a zoo cleaner, Nordin bin Mondongto, to death after the man walked through a moat surrounding their enclosure. Researchers asked themselves what would be the cause of these vicious behaviors being reported from many zoos across the globe, the answer being the harsh environment zoo animals are surrounded by. Many people are not aware of the harsh treatment the animals endure. Zoos, circuses, and famous attractions like SeaWorld do not offer the best of circumstances for their animals. These uncomfortable conditions may be the cause of the hundreds of violent behaviors being reported by zoos around the world. Of course, most families enjoy taking a trip to the zoo because they offer a unique experience of encountering exotic animals. However, people need to realize that animals are living creatures that should not be forced into show, or held behind glass walls to be gawked at. The first point that this essay will address is the simple fact that zoo owners have propaganda in mind, and not preservation. â€Å"Zoos help save endangered species, by saving hurt animals and rehabilitating them,† is an excuse many zoo officials use. Zoos claim to want to protect species from extinction, which sounds like a noble goal, but zoo officials usually favor exotic or popular animals, rather than threatened or endangered local wildlife. The Chinese government, for example, â€Å"rents† pandas to zoos worldwide for fees of more than $1 million per year. It is questi onable whether the profits are being directed toward panda-conservation efforts at all. Also, because tigers are the most favorable â€Å"crowd pleasers,† recent studies prove that there are more tigers in captivity than those that exist in the wild. There are thought to be between 5,000 and 10,000 tigers in U.S. cages and 90% of them are in miserable roadside zoos, backyard breeder facilities, circus wagons and pet homes. Before long, the few tigers left in the wild will wither off, and the animals in captivity will not be able to be relocated and thrive in their what-once-was natural environment. Next, the reader should know that the animals that are said to be â€Å"in their natural habitat,† are in confined areas that are less than a tenth of the area they would naturally be in, and are restricted by many factors. Birds’ wings may be clipped so that they cannot fly, aquatic animals often go without adequate water, and many animals who naturally live in large herds or family groups are kept isolated. Animals are closely confined, lack privacy, an d have  little opportunity for mental stimulation or physical exercise. These abnormal conditions often result in abnormal and self-destructive behavior, known as â€Å"zoochosis.† An Oxford University study based on decades of observing animals in captivity and in the wild found that animals such as polar bears, lions, tigers, and cheetahs â€Å"show the most evidence of stress and/or psychological dysfunction in captivity† and concluded that â€Å"the keeping of naturally wide-ranging carnivores should be either fundamentally improved or phased out.† Last but not least, the reader should know that keeping animals in captivity is not the only danger posed at the zoo. Even when the animals are bred in captivity, generations later, exotic animals will retain all of their natural instincts. They cannot be considered â€Å"domesticated† or â€Å"tamed.† Every year, captive, exotic animals are involved in incidents in which humans are injured or even killed. In 2007, Tatiana, a Siberian tiger, escaped her substandard enclosure at the San Francisco Zoo and was shot to death after she killed one person and injured two others. This was not the only fatal incident occurring because of the animals being held in captivity. On February 26, 2010, a 12,000 lb. Orca whale called Tilikum mauled and killed his trainer Dawn Brancheau at SeaWorld during a performance. Also, in Colorado, on April 24, 2009, a volunteer was vigorously mauled by a tiger at â€Å"Big Cats of Serenity Springs.† The list of these aggressive outbreaks goes on and on. Researchers say that the awful conditions animals are unnatural and are the cause of animals expressing abnormal behaviors. Zoos may be fun for the family, but are definitely not fun for the animals. Taking animals out of their natural habitat, forcing them to live miserable lifestyles, and putting humans at risk is not worth a fun family trip to the zoo. Treating living creatures like they have no feelings is never okay and should be considered inhumane. Zoos need to be exposed as the pitiful prisons they are, and actions should be imposed to stop the animal abuse. Works Cited Captive Wildlife Crisis | WildAnimalSanctuary.org : Americas Premier Sanctuary For Large Carnivores. Captive Wildlife Crisis | WildAnimalSanctuary.org : Americas Premier Sanctuary For Large Carnivores. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. . Get The Facts:. Ten Fast Facts about Captive Exotic Animals. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. . News Facts. The Tiger Next Door. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2007. . Zoos: Pitiful Prisons. PETA. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. .

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Nanotechnology In Architecture

Nanotechnology In Architecture Historically and geographically human have lived in extremely varied technology or environment and have had to adapt to comfort habitats and thus the architects have had to manage the ideal of design as well as incorporate the evolutionary technology. A technology has evolved to a level where it is just too complex. Sometimes satisfying the need of the user and sometimes becoming too dangerous when the negative consequences are not taken care of. For example, the issues of the Large scales in architecture is one such matter which has been partially solved with the help of low cost materials, energy savingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. The scientists have developed and are continuing to develop nanotechnology to help architects incorporate more artificial intelligence in construction. Nanotechnology is a combination of various fields of science like, Bio- technology, Chemistry, Physics, Bio-informatics, etc. There are three chief divisions in Nanotech: Nanoelectronics, Nanomaterials, and Nano-Biotechnology. Worldwide, there is much enthusiasm about nanotechnology as it has application in medicine, electronics, biomaterials, energy etc. It is observed that US, Japan, and Germany dominate the current RD effort in nanotechnology with a focus on they own expertise and needs (Hyd and spook, 2012). The use and control of the technology at an atomic or particle scale known as nanotechnology has started to have its impact like never before in materials of constructions and has immense futurist impact in architecture, this application of the nanotechnology and nanomaterials in architecture is NanoArchitecture. The nano world in technology is a real challenge for todays designers, it started with an understanding and control of the technology and materials on one billionth (10-9) scale. The understanding of these materials, its use in architecture to be profitable for users and its implication on the building (Construction) are some of the key aspect for inquiry in this dissertation. With the perfect solution of this dilemma, the Architects would not only know how big their task is but how it might lead to new ways of thinking architecture. After understanding the meaning and origin of this technology, we will study certain aspects that is a must in todays constructions and then we see the direction where this science is going, we will also look at the ways to incorporate these technologies in our architecture, therefore the question that will guide our research is how does nano (technology, materials, science, concept, form and function) become important to the level of influencing architects (designers). Nanotechnology is developed in the manner that it is active or passive, this repartition will lead us to a large study but our focus will rely on the relation passive active nanostructure and application of nanotechnology in a building design and construction. Passive nanotechnologies, such as nanocoatings, nanoparticles, and nanostructured materials, are already available. Second generation active nanostructures, for example, nanoelectro-mechanical systems, nanomachines, self-healing materials, and targeted chemicals, can evolve their properties, structure and/or state during their operation. This could increase nanotechnologys impacts and require new approaches for risk assessment. Active nanostructures are likely to have a different and increased profile of impacts (including benefits as well as potential risks) compared with passive nanotechnologies. RESEARCH QUESTION: How does nano (technology, materials, science, concept, form and function) becomes important to the level of influencing architects (designers). NEED IDENTIFICATION: Over the years the materials used in buildings (during construction, inside or outside finishes) has been of a large scale, the evolution today have brought into existence the materials on a microscopic scale with even more value to life and building. They can be metals, ceramics, polymers or composites. Known as nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), the method of making these materials begins at the molecular or atomic level, sometimes creating new products with extraordinary physical and chemical properties. For example, a carbon nanotube has strength of 150 times that of steel but is approximately six times lighter. Besides strength enhancement, properties can include self-cleaning, super hardness, electrical conductivity, antimicrobial superior thermal resistance and stability, non-flammability, lightweight, anti-corrosion, superior barrier, light emitting and low permeability, among others. Applications in the building industry include use as fire retardants, high performance insulation, protective coatings, equipment lubricants, structural integrity enhancement and monitoring, photovoltaic, stronger tensile cables, and self-cleaning or heat absorbing windows ( CFN, 2011 )à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Using these materials which contain extraordinary application in the building can also bring amazing influences to the architect, designer or the design. Therefore apart from attempting to understand the transformation that the nanotechnology brings to our building there is a need to understand by students the uses of nanotechnology for creating better design. SCOPE: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A general understanding of nano especially toward architecture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Nanotechnology (materials) applications in buildings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Concept; form and function derived from nano LIMITATION: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The laboratories details of certain materials and nano applications in medical branches will not be part of our research. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This research dissertation will have some limitation in details like calculations, manufactures process, chemical components. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Thinking in more detail about how to use nanomaterials in a design context, a first consideration is simply to define what is being design?. But there is a lack of built case studies, so we will rely on existing, futurist, basic concept and reading materials. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regarding the size of this matter nanotechnology, we will limit at the level where nanotech is active and very briefly talk about the passive Nanotechnology RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: N A N O A R C H I T E C T U R E PART O. COLLECT RELEVANT DATA This methodology starts with a basic understanding (through various sources) of nano technology specially its applications in the materials and its relation with form and function in architecture. A. Research Books B. Online discussions; ancient and actual debates. C. Study previous paper or dissertations and case studies done on this matter. D. Literature survey; Consist keep together all info found and relative to the topic and relevant to the research question. PART I. INTRODUCTION, NEED IDENTIFICATION, SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH PART II. NANOTECHNOLOGY What is nanotechnology Nanoproducts Categories (Passive and Active) Why this fuss Nanotechnology risk Sectors application NANOTECHNOLOGIES APPLICATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE = NANOARCHITECUTE PART III. APPLICATION-FORM AND FUNCTION with its Impact Air-purifying Anti-fogging Solar protection Fire-proof Anti-graffiti Scratchproof and abrasion-resistant Anti-fingerprints Self-cleaning Easy-to-clean (ETC) Thermal insulation Temperature regulation UV protection Anti-reflective N. Antibacterial Case studies and examples showing how does certain of these proprieties can be include and what promise does it bring to buildings; New architectural readying. New creativities in form and functions. C O N C L U S I O N CASE STUDY METHODOLOGIES: Primary Case study By consulting an expert in the energy consumption field and materials that relate to it. The reading of the applications in nanotechnology in todays constructions is more related to Green designers, this part of the design has an impact in the ecology and climate control therefore the green rated buildings has in fact a considerable amount of nanotechnology use in it. This leads us to refer to architects involved in green concepts or sustainability from LEED etc ( Ar Alex Nyembo Kalenga) and also we could make a visit studies on the actual certified Green building Rajiv Gandhi urja Bhavan at Vasan Kunj New Delhi Still in Construction. A list of questions has guided our study and survey interview in which the answers are include to our conclusion of this research: 1. A personal understanding of Nanotechnology or Nanoarchitecture. 2. If any specific material at a nano scale is used to improve certain aspects in the building, such as: Insulation reduction Lighting Energy storage Air purification Water management 3. How do you think buildings designed exclusively on scientific principles of Nanotechnology will affect their occupants? 4. Does Nanotechnology have an impact on todays practicing architects If yes; at what scale does it influence them? Any example? If not; Why so? Secondary Case study The conceptual level derived of the interpretation of nano differs from an architect to another. 1. Two typology of this nano buildings as guided this part of the research: 5. Existing Nano Buildings ( Nano House Initiative, Australia ) 6. Futurist Nano Buildings ( Multi-storey Apartment building, 2001 ) 2. A list of materials (Function) originated from nanotechnology or concepts that have already been involved to some construction process, structurally or non structurally, environment effect has been touched on to clarify its impact to architecture. REFERENCES.. Hyd and spook (2012, January), nanotechnology in india. Retrieved from http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/11771-nanotechnology-india.html#ixzz2Awlr7jNb Center for Functional Nanomaterials ( 2011). Nanomaterials for architecture and buildings. Brookhaven. Retrieved from http://www.solaripedia.com/13/360/nanomaterials_for_architecture__building.html NANOARCHITECTURE Importance of nanotechnology in architecture N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y II.1. Fundamental Knowledge II.1.1. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY? A brick is the smallest building block in construction. Whatever you do, the strength of the building is limited to the strength of the brick. The brick itself is made of minute particles of clay bonded together. One has limited control over how the particle of clay forms. Each particle of clay in turn is formed from molecules joined together in a particular pattern dictated by the forces of nature. What happens if it is possible to arrange these molecules in a pattern that provides greater strength? You get stronger clay and a stronger brick. This results in a much thinner, but stronger wall. This technology of arranging molecules the way we want is a basis of nanotechnology. (Johnzactruba, 2011) A strict definition of nanotechnology characterizes it as the manipulation of a matter at the scale of one-billionth of a meter or smaller. The measurement of one-billionth of a meter is identified as one nanometer (nm) (Jeffrey H. Matsuura,1957). Nano, is a word which does not only mean billionth less but also leaves a billionth of question in mind, because of the complexity to understand its simplicity. It is a world hold by the scientist, chemist and physicians. Yes nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research but not new. The level of its study and diversity has involved touching now many sector of life and becoming more and more known by the public. The concept first was introduced by American physicist Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988). But it is noted that in the 10th centuries the 16th centuries the ruby-red color of many stained-glass windows from the medieval era was a consequence of embedded nanoscale metallic particles within the glass. There were no scientific understanding of these phenomena at the time, nor were there deliberate attempts to produce what we now know as nanomaterials. Early knowledge relied on craft-based trial and error to achieve effects we must keep in mind, however, that not all interesting color phenomena are a result of embedded nanomaterials ( Michael F. Ashby, 2009). The evolution of nanotechnology has been more or less in the domain of chemical, medicine and physics (technique) then it involved to the environment, energy, agriculture, communication and information because of some of its advantage and disadvantage in the society. The main tools used in nanotechnology are three main microscopes: Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). (Jamie Jackson, CIS 121) II.1.2. NANO PRODUCTS Use as gateways to build other nano products, Nanosensors can be chemical sensors or mechanical sensors. Amongst other applications they can be used: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To monitor physical parameters such as temperature, displacement and flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As accelerometers in Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices that can rapidly and remotely detect change in their surroundings like airbag sensors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ For medical diagnostic purposes either as blood borne sensors or in lab-on-a-chip type devices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To detect various chemicals in gases for pollution monitoring à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sensors using carbon nanotube detection elements are capable of detecting a range of chemical vapors. These sensors work by reacting to the changes in the resistance of a carbon nanotube in the presence of a chemical vapor ( Hawks Perch Technical Writing, 2007). II.1.2.1. Nanotube Known as well as Carbon Nanotube (CNTs), it is a tube-shaped material or cylindrical nanostructure made of carbon, having a diameter of nanometer scale. Nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts. Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (GPa). Since carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3 to 1.4 g/cm3, its specific strength of up to 48,000 kNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢mà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢kgà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steels 154 kNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢mà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢kgà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. Standard single-walled carbon nanotubes can withstand a pressure up to 24GPa without deformation. The bulk modulus of super hard phase nanotubes is 462 to 546 GPa, even higher than that of diamond (420 GPa for single diamond crystal) and can produce materials with toughness unmatched in the man-made and natural worlds. Because of the carbon nanotubes superior mechanical properties, many structures have been proposed ranging from everyday items like clothes and sports gear to combat jackets and space elevators. However, the space elevator will require further efforts in refining carbon nanotube technology, as the practical tensile strength of carbon nanotubes can still be greatly improved (Wikipedia, 2012). II.1.2.2. Nanocomposites The definition of nano-composite material has broadened significantly to encompass a large variety of systems such as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional and amorphous materials, made of distinctly dissimilar components and mixed at the nanometer scale (Kanatzidis, 2006). New materials with novel proprieties are generate rapidly through this field. The properties of nano-composite materials depend not only on the properties of their individual parents but also on their morphology and interfacial characteristics. Although nanoscale reinforcements (or nanofillers) of nanocomposites have different kinds of fillers such as nanofibers, nanowires, nanotubes and nanoparticles etc, their mechanical behaviors have some common features. As the figure shows a potential use of nanocomposites as multifunctional materials (Journal Club, 2008). AREA OF APPLICATION Such mechanical property improvements have resulted in major interest in nanocomposite materials in numerous automotive and general/industrial applications. These include potential for utilisation as mirror housings on various vehicle types, door handles, engine covers and intake manifolds and timing belt covers. More general applications currently being considered include usage as impellers and blades for vacuum cleaners, power tool housings, mower hoods and covers for portable electronic equipment such as mobile phones, pagers etc (Professor J.N. Hay, 2001). The inorganic components can be three-dimensional framework systems such as zeolites, two-dimensional layered materials such as clays, metal oxides, metal phosphates, chalcogenides, and even one-dimensional and zero-dimensional materials such as (Mo3Se3-)n chains and clusters. Experimental work has generally shown that virtually all types and classes of nanocomposite materials lead to new and improved properties when compared to their macrocomposite counterparts. Therefore, nanocomposites which combine new nanomaterials with more traditional ones such as steel, concrete, glass, and plastics, can be many times stronger than standard materials and promise new applications in many fields such as mechanically reinforced lightweight components, non-linear optics, battery cathodes and ionics, nano-wires, sensors and other systems. On the market there already a nanocomposite steel that is three times stronger than conventional steel. Before long, nano-reinforced glass might be used for both structure and enclosure. In the some student projects in the nanoSTUDIO at Ball State University, nanotube structural panels create transparent load-bearing curtain walls free of columns and beams, quantum dots make walls and ceilings light up or change color with the flip of a switch, and nanosensors in building components create smart environments that constantly adapt to their environment and users. II.1.3. TYPOLOGY M. C. Roco, one of the driving forces behind the NNI, has developed a more detailed typology of nanotechnologies. He identifies four generations of nanotechnologies: passive nanostructures, active nanostructures, systems of nanosystems and molecular nanosystems (J. Clarence, 2009) ( Fig04: For generation of nanotechnology development, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology ) Each generation of products is marked by the creation of commercial prototypes using systematic control of the respective phenomena and manufacturing processes. Products may also include components which correspond to different generations. Todays rudimentary capabilities of nanotechnology for systematic control and manufacture at the nanoscale are expected to evolve significantly in both complexity and the degree of integration by 2020. II.1.3.1 Passive to Active nanotechnology It has been suggested that an important transition in the long-run trajectory of nanotechnology development is a shift from passive to active nanostructures. Such a shift could present different or increased societal impacts and require new approaches for risk assessment. An active nanostructure changes or evolves its state during its operation, according to the National Science Foundations (2006) Active Nanostructures and Nanosystems grant solicitation. Passive: (steady function) nanostructures Behaviour: inert or reactive nanostructures which have stable behaviour and quasi -constant properties during their use. Potential risk: e.g. nanoparticles in cosmetics or food with large scale production and high exposure rates. Active: (evolving function nanostructures) Behaviour: the nanostructures properties are designed to change during operation so behaviour is variable and potentially unstable. Successive changes in state may occur (either intended or as an unforeseen reaction to the external environment). Potential risk: e.g. nanobiodevices in the human body; pesticides engineered to react to different conditions. Categories of active nanostructures are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Remote actuated active nanostructures, such as light-actuated embedded sensors; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Environmentally responsive active nanostructures, such as responsive drug delivery; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Miniaturized active nanostructures, such as synthetic molecular motors and molecular machines; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hybrid active nanostructures, or uncommon combinations of materials, such as silicon-organic ; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transforming active nanostructures, such as self-healing materials. (M.C. Roco, 2004, 2007) Tour estimates the time it will take to commercialize each of these types as 0-5 years for passive nanotechnologies, 15-50 years or more for active nanotechnologies and 7-12 years for hybrids (J. Clarence, 2009) II.1.4. WHY ALL THE FUSS ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY? NANOTECHNOLOGY: THE SCIENCE CHANGING YOUR LIFE Penny Sarchet The advantages of using nanomaterials in construction are enormous. When you consider that 41 percent of all energy use in the United States is consumed by commercial and residential buildings, the potential benefits of energy-saving materials alone are vast (Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University, 2010) and when we have to evaluate the energy used by buildings in the rest of the world the result will surly show that the use of the nanomaterials in buildings will be of an anxiety necessity. Nanotechnology thus has profound potential because it can free us from some traditional limits and offer us useful new capabilities. Nanotechnology can change some of the physical rules that have traditionally confined us. It can also free us from some of the limitations that have long been placed upon us by size ( Jeffrey H, 1957). The key is to understand the specific risks and implications of the product before it is widely used. This way we can ensure that nanotechnology evolves as a tool for sustainability rather than as an environmental liability (Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University, 2010). Benefices and profit with the nanotechnology is now in the hand of everyone and architects are with no doubt going to shape this realm to another level. e.g.: Solera enables seamless integration of natural daylight into the design and function of buildings. Well daylighted spaces deliver substantial and measurable benefits to sustainability, energy efficiency and human performance. This series of products provide architects with solutions to solve the challenges traditionally associated with daylighting techniques including solar heat gain, cost, complexity and glare. Other materials such as brickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ have already showed us the changes that it has done to the industries, life, designers, buildersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In the early days, paint was available in a limited variety of colors for you to choose. Now most of the paint shops have mixers that allow the users to choose the color they require. The manufacturers have to produce and stock only a few basic colors, reducing production and inventory costs at much greater satisfaction to the consumer. The future of nanotechnology will be the personal nano-factories, like the paint mixers, that allow you to produce any material that you require. The shops have to carry only stock in molecular form. Advances in nanotechnology are moving at an exponential rate. It will eventually encompass every field of human activity including energy. (Johnzactruba, 2011) Disadvantages of Nanotechnology: Safety hazards with nanomaterials, Some studies detected possible cancer-causing properties of carbon nanotubes, Some nanomaterials bounded with other materials or components (Jamie Jackson, CIS 121) II.1.5. RISK OF NANOTECHNOLOGY It is obvious to find out that except from the greatness and impressive opportunities that nanotechnology offers, the risks are associated with it as well. And these risk touch-up on Health, environment, Industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Because of the size of the particles, nanomaterials may enter human and other living bodies and disrupt body-functions. Some nanoparticles may also be non-biodegradable thereby posing a new threat to the environment. Therefore it is crucial to examine and estimate the risk for regulating the production, use, consumption and disposal of these materials. (Hyd and spook, 2012). For example, Health effects of several insulating materials are a concern; 1. The fibers released from fiberglass insulation may be carcinogenic, and fiberglass insulation now requires cancer warning labels. 2. There are also claims that the fire retardant chemicals or respirable particles in cellulose insulation may be hazardous (Dr. George, 2007). The risk most talked about is the ability of nanotech carbon tubes to potentially cause asbestosis-type illnesses, (Mike Childs, 2012) Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs); and nanocomposites are being considered for various uses in the construction and related infrastructure industries. To achieve environmentally responsible nanotechnology in construction, it is important to consider the lifecycle impacts of MNMs on the health of construction workers and dwellers, as well as unintended environmental effects at all stages of manufacturing, construction, use, demolition, and disposal. Emphasis in industries; In India, late industry participation has also begun in this area, and there is an emphasis on fostering public-private partnerships (PPP). Nonetheless government support to this sector remains crucial for three reasons: 1. Nanotechnology is a capital-intensive technology and is in an embryonic phase, thus industry would not be able to sustain the research effort needed for the establishment of scientific and technological infrastructure. 2. The state is required to define the regulatory framework. In 2010-11 this process was initiated. 3. The state ,particularly in the developing country context, can set the agenda and resist the tendency to uncritically follow international trends in research that do not address their developmental needs. REFERENCES.. Dr. George, 2007. Insulation, nanotechnology for green building. Retrieved from http://esonn.fr/esonn2010/xlectures/mangematin/Nano_Green_Building55ex.pdf page 12 Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University (2010, January). Future Cities: Nanotechnology promises more sustainable buildings, bridges, and others structures Retrieved from http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAINnode_id=2103content_id=CNBP_025646use_sec=truesec_url_var=region1__uuid=00475ea1-8da9-4443-8448-baaff07d9f4a Hawks Perch Technical Writing (2007). Carbon nanotubesand applications. Retrieved from http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotubes-carbon.html Hyd and spook (2012, January), nanotechnology in india. Retrieved from http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/11771-nanotechnology-india.html#ixzz2Awlr7jNb Jamie Jackson, CIS 121: Computer Programming II (C++). Nanotechnology and the Development of Computer Circuits retrieved from Jeffrey H. Matsuura, (1957). Nanotechnology regulation and policy worldwide. why all the fuss about nanotechnology?. Artech house, boston-london. Journal Club ( 2008, may ). Mechanical Behaviors of Polymer-matrix Nanocomposites. Retrieved from http://me.utep.edu/lrxu/Mechanical%20Behavior%20of%20Polymer.htm J. Clarence davies, PEN( 2009, April) Oversight of next generation NANOTECHNOLOGY Johnzactruba, (2011, may). Applicationof nano technology for energy, Retrieved from http://www.brighthubengineering.com/power-plants/87228-applications-of-nanotechnology-for-energy/ Kanatzidis, (2006, may). Nanocomposites. Retrieved from http://www.cem.msu.edu/~kanatzid/Nanocomposites.html Michael F. Ashby, Paulo J.Ferreira, Daniel L. Schodek, (2009) Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design, a brief history of materials, elsevier Ltd. pg 29 Mike Childs, 2012, march technology making the splash. http://www.guardian.co.uk/nanotechnology-world/technology-making-a-splash M.C. Roco (2004, 2007), shift to active nanostructures is hypothesized. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/activenano Professor J.N. Hay and S.J. Shaw (2001, September). Nanocomposites: proprieties and applications. Retrieved from http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=921 Wikipedia ( 2012, november). Carbon nanotube. Retieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube NANOARCHITECTURE Importance of nanotechnology in architecture A P P L I C A T I O N S ( Fig05: Analysis of Nanotechnology from an Industrial Ecology Perspective Part I: Inventory Evaluation of Life Cycle Assessments of Nanotechnologies.) III.1. Environmental application Environmentally, Nanotechnology also has the potential to help our environment. Example: It controls pollution through source reduction. This is a method of eliminating toxic waste at its source, with the understanding that releasing the waste into the environment is the last resort. Source reduction can be achieved by cleaning up existing processes or by reducing consumption of resources where such consumption creates pollution. III.1.1. Insulation The impact of the improvement of insulation reductions is counted by billions of pounds annually. Ref table (Fig06: Potential sources of EU CO2 emission reductions ) Nanoscale materials hold great promise as insulators because of their extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. This gives them the ability to trap still air within a material layer of minimal thickness (conventional insulating materials like fibreglass and polystyrene get their high insulating value less from the conductive properties of the materials themselves than from their ability to trap still air.) Insulating a nonmaterial may be sandwiched between rigid panels, applied as thin films, or painted on as coatings (Dr. George, 2007) Nanogel panels; Aerogel This material as an incredible ability and capacity such as strength, it can take its own load 2000 times reminding that it has only 5 percent solid and the rest is filled with air only an are also applicable on fabric architecture or structures. Because nanoporous aerogels can be sensitive to moisture, they are often marketed sandwiched between wall panels that repel moisture. Aerogel panels are available with up to 75 percent translucency, and their high air content means that a 9cm (3.5) thick aerogel panel can offer an R-value of R-28, a valu