Administrative Assistant

Ace the Interview Secretary/Administrative Assistant If youre new to the professional arena, chances are you may be new to interviewing as well. These tips from Best-Job-Interview.com can help you practice your answers and prepare to face your interview with poise, wit, and composure.First off,   review your resume and cover letter and have anecdotes from your work background- even if youre making a career change or only have informal internship experience- ready to go when prompted. Be able to talk specifically about what you did in your last position and how that prepares you to meet the challenges of this prospective job.Here are some common questions you might face on interview day.What made you apply for this job?The answer to this one should not be Because I need money, even if thats the honest truth! Identify some aspects of the jobs responsibilities or the company itself that make you most excited to join their team. Do you see it as part of your long-term goals? Do you pride yourself on providing excellent customer service? Have you always wanted to work for a major media outlet?What motivates you?Again, the right answer here is not $$$$! Be wary of potentially prejudicial responses- employers are legally not allowed to ask about age, marital status, or whether youre a parent, but many people reveal this information too casually in questions like these. Its sexist and nonsensical, sure, but to be on the safe side, come up with an answer about your drive, or your enthusiasm for the industry, or a mentor/role model who inspires you.What qualities do you consider most important in a secretary or administrative professional?Refer directly to your resume if you need examples for this one! You can also memorize some of the requirements from the job posting and rattle those off to show you understand the company culture and are ready to rise to their expectations.What are some of your strengths and weaknesses?This is a time for medium honesty. Be confident about your strengths, for sure- particularly if you k now you have references who will agree that youre a dynamic go-getter with poise and a professional attitude. Then,  perform that age-old weaknesses spin where you highlight your perfectionism or the fact that youre so eager to do well that sometimes you need help with prioritizing tasks.What did you enjoy the most, and the least, about your last job?Your answer to this question should reveal something about your attitude towards work in general, but shouldnt devolve into complaints about your last job. After all, if youll complain  about your previous employer, theres nothing to suggest you wont complain  equally freely about your next one.The absence of challenges, support, or adequate benefits is a pretty safe one, or if there were no long-term opportunities for you there.An employer wants to hear that you have real-world experience, that youre an effective employee, and that you can think creatively  about different job contexts. For example, my first job out of college, my main work experience was as a Teaching Assistant and as an employee of Build-a-Bear Workshop. I was able to demonstrate that hosting a birthday party for ten sugared-up 9-year-olds was pretty similar to shepherding a dynamic list of titles to publication, to the amusement of the editors who were interviewing me. Hey, I got the job!

Eighteenth Century Life in Papal Rome essays

Eighteenth Century Life in Papal Rome essays The book, Daily Life in Papal Rome in the Eighteenth Century, by Maurice Andrieux, is an enlightening piece of work that describes how the Romans lived; how they thought about life; and how the leadership of the Popes ruled and the different personalities toward the Church. The information and descriptions about the Popes were quite interesting. The author describes the day-to-day life with vivid details of the people and the scenery. It also examines the lives of the Popes during the eighteenth century in a most realistic way. The author, Andrieux describes the Pope's strengths and weakness in a very colorful manner. One truly gets a realistic feeling of what it was like to live in Papal Rome. In a very unbiased way, the author showed how the people of Rome lived during the Eighteenth Century. Although one can feel the French connection and that his side might be impartial on some of his chapters since he is from French descent. The color of Rome was one of superb glamour. It was like no other place in the world. Most people would be surprised and shocked about how Rome was during the Eighteenth Century. They were very sinful and found ways to rationalize their behavior in this period. The other story is the changing times around Papal Rome and how the French revolution destroyed the culture, which always changed Rome. The lifestyle was something of the Arabian nights, and Holy Communion all rolled into one. The Book, really explains how the Italian people of today came to be the way they are. Maurice Andrieux is a French historian who has written many books and whose historical articles have been published in French magazines and journals. He has received some awards from the Academia Francaise for his work in historical writings. In summarizing the book, eighteenth-century Rome was a beautiful place to live, in which time has seemed to have past by. It was like living in the past and enjoying the special things that Rome ha...

The IOM Future of Nursing report related to the nursing workforce Essay

The IOM Future of Nursing report related to the nursing workforce - Essay Example Importance of the IOM â€Å"Future of Nursing† Report Nurses practice in various settings such as schools, retail health clinics, battlefields, public health centers, long-term care facilities, homes, and hospitals. They have differing levels of competencies and education in the entire nursing sector. The committee put into consideration nurses at all levels including their settings, education levels, and roles in an attempt to envision the profession’s future (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). The Future of Nursing report is very important since it addresses some of issues facing nurses such as differing education and competency levels. Several barriers obstruct the nurses from responding effectively to the rapidly transforming health settings as well as the evolving health care system. The barriers have to be overcome to make sure that nurses are in a good position to advance health and lead change. Apart from seeking to remove these barriers, the report recommends the improvement of the nursing education system. This is because patients’ needs are becoming more sophisticated and thus, the nurses have to attain requisite competencies in order to deliver care that is of high quality (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). ... Some of the main issues raised by the report are that nurses should practice to the greatest extent considering their training and eductaion; and that the education system that is in place to train nurses should be improved so as to encourage higher training and education of nurses for better servieces(Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). In this respect, the report recommends that varous boards, government bodies, accrediting societies and healthcare organizations should support nurses during their residency once they have successfully completed the prerequisite courses or when they are taking new areas related to clinical pratice. In addition, the report recommends that the proportion of nurses holding a baccalaureate degree should be inreased from 50% to 80% and the number of nurses with a doctorate dregree doubled by 2020 (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2011). In order to achieve this goal, academic nurse leaders should join forces and partner with other organizations to establish a workforce that is responsive to the diverse healthcare needs of the population. Furthermore, the report notes that nurses should participate fully in redisigning the country’s health care. Yet again, the report notes that better information collection and infrustructure is valuable if effective policies have to be made and the workforce properly planned. The Intent of the Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action The Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action represents an exceptional initiative to tackle the elevated demands for care by using all the talents, experience, skills, and knowledge of nurses. The main aim of the Campaign for Action is to manage the implementation of the IOM landmark report recommendations. The campaign

Analyse the economic arguments of an independent central bank Essay

Analyse the economic arguments of an independent central bank - Essay Example It must be remembered that while affecting this right to any amount of degree the State is also assuming responsibility for the value of legal tender to an equivalent extent. Maintaining internal and external value of legal tender money is a function of inflation targeting and appreciation/depreciation of currency. Whether such critical monetary policy outcomes be left independent in the hands of Central Bank professionals or be merrily dictated by elected politicians who are often not trained in such trade. We discuss this and concomitant issues in paragraphs below. The most preferred and often cited argument favoring an independent central bank is that the power to expend money should be separated or delinked substantially from the power to create money. In case these two capabilities converge we have spendthrift governments indulging in fiscal profligacy while the Central Bank simply acts as a 24/7 mint or currency printing house. State control over the ability to create money has resulted in several episodes of economic mess. Even in the days of the ancient Roman Empire the tax collection by state officers in the form of silver coins ended up being melted and corrupted with inferior metals. This gave Caesar substantial money to divert to his luxuries and such spending was a multiple time of what came in as collected tax. The result was a spiraling inflation as now more coins vied for smaller stock of market wares. In todays monetary systems running on paper, plastic and electronic money the Roman story has been repeated quite often. The Latin American inflations are fable material with inflation rates sky rocketing often to 200% or more. In some extreme cases what was affordable at twilight became unaffordable by daylight. With complex and fine lending and borrowing of money as investible funds, interest rates have turned indicators that are pliable in the hands policy makers or dictators as the case may be.Government, myopic with political

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law - Essay Example Issues Relevant to The Contract for the Sale of the Van Misrepresentation In negotiating for the purchase of a van from Daly, Winston explained that the putative van must have a storage capability of 200 feet and must be capable of regularly transporting antique furniture up to 1 ton. Based on these requirements, Daly told Winston that he had a van the fit Winston’s requirements and a van was offered for sale and accepted based on Daly’s representations. In fact, Daly also noted that the van in question had hardly been broken in. It is a fundamental rule of contract law that the parties to a contract enter into a contract on the basis of an understanding that they will receive the benefit bargained for and forming the inducement to enter into the contract.1 In addition, should one of the contracting parties fail to perform as mandated pursuant to the contract, the party losing the benefit bargained for and reflected in the contract for sale, is entitled to compensation for that loss.2 When the party loses the entire benefit of his or her bargain, he is entitled to treat the contract as terminated.3 Under the contract for the sale of the van, Winston was promised and expected to receive a van capable of replacing the van lost in the conduct of the antique shop’s business. The truck however, turned out to be inadequate as a replacement vehicle. The question is therefore whether or not the van’s failure to live up to expectations amounts to a breach of the contract on Daly’s part. Daly did make certain representations or as it turned out, misrepresentations that the van in question was fit for purpose. Misrepresentation occurs when false information is communicated and that false information induces the other party to enter a contract to which the false information applies.4 Misrepresentation can be made fraudulently or negligently or innocently.5 It is difficult to discern from the facts of the case for discussion whether or not the false information provided by Daly that the van was fit for its intended purpose was negligent, innocent or fraudulent. However, as a skilled or experienced salesman, it can be assumed that at the very least, Daly ought to have known whether or not the van was fit for purpose. It is therefore reasonable to assume that Daly’s misrepresentation was negligent at the very least. Regardless, it will be for Winston to prove that he relied on the information communicated to him or was induced by that information to enter into the contract.6 It can be assumed from the facts that Winston did in fact rely on Daly’s communication of facts since he was looking for a specific van with specific requirements and communicated those facts to Daly. Fit for Purpose Quite apart from misrepresentation, Winston can consider taking action against Daly under statute. By statutory law, it is an implied term of contracts for the sale of goods that goods purchased for a specific purpose are fit for purpose. By virtue of Section 14 (3) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, where a purchaser either â€Å"expressly or by implication makes known to the seller† it is implied that the â€Å"goods supplied under the contract are reasonably fit for that purpose† unless the purchaser â€Å"does not rely,† on the â€Å"skill or judgment of the seller†.7 Winston can prove that he rel

Animals In Captivity Essay Example for Free

Animals In Captivity Essay In 2008 at the Singapore Zoo, three white Bengal tigers attacked and mauled a zoo cleaner, Nordin bin Mondongto, to death after the man walked through a moat surrounding their enclosure. Researchers asked themselves what would be the cause of these vicious behaviors being reported from many zoos across the globe, the answer being the harsh environment zoo animals are surrounded by. Many people are not aware of the harsh treatment the animals endure. Zoos, circuses, and famous attractions like SeaWorld do not offer the best of circumstances for their animals. These uncomfortable conditions may be the cause of the hundreds of violent behaviors being reported by zoos around the world. Of course, most families enjoy taking a trip to the zoo because they offer a unique experience of encountering exotic animals. However, people need to realize that animals are living creatures that should not be forced into show, or held behind glass walls to be gawked at. The first point that this essay will address is the simple fact that zoo owners have propaganda in mind, and not preservation. â€Å"Zoos help save endangered species, by saving hurt animals and rehabilitating them,† is an excuse many zoo officials use. Zoos claim to want to protect species from extinction, which sounds like a noble goal, but zoo officials usually favor exotic or popular animals, rather than threatened or endangered local wildlife. The Chinese government, for example, â€Å"rents† pandas to zoos worldwide for fees of more than $1 million per year. It is questi onable whether the profits are being directed toward panda-conservation efforts at all. Also, because tigers are the most favorable â€Å"crowd pleasers,† recent studies prove that there are more tigers in captivity than those that exist in the wild. There are thought to be between 5,000 and 10,000 tigers in U.S. cages and 90% of them are in miserable roadside zoos, backyard breeder facilities, circus wagons and pet homes. Before long, the few tigers left in the wild will wither off, and the animals in captivity will not be able to be relocated and thrive in their what-once-was natural environment. Next, the reader should know that the animals that are said to be â€Å"in their natural habitat,† are in confined areas that are less than a tenth of the area they would naturally be in, and are restricted by many factors. Birds’ wings may be clipped so that they cannot fly, aquatic animals often go without adequate water, and many animals who naturally live in large herds or family groups are kept isolated. Animals are closely confined, lack privacy, an d have  little opportunity for mental stimulation or physical exercise. These abnormal conditions often result in abnormal and self-destructive behavior, known as â€Å"zoochosis.† An Oxford University study based on decades of observing animals in captivity and in the wild found that animals such as polar bears, lions, tigers, and cheetahs â€Å"show the most evidence of stress and/or psychological dysfunction in captivity† and concluded that â€Å"the keeping of naturally wide-ranging carnivores should be either fundamentally improved or phased out.† Last but not least, the reader should know that keeping animals in captivity is not the only danger posed at the zoo. Even when the animals are bred in captivity, generations later, exotic animals will retain all of their natural instincts. They cannot be considered â€Å"domesticated† or â€Å"tamed.† Every year, captive, exotic animals are involved in incidents in which humans are injured or even killed. In 2007, Tatiana, a Siberian tiger, escaped her substandard enclosure at the San Francisco Zoo and was shot to death after she killed one person and injured two others. This was not the only fatal incident occurring because of the animals being held in captivity. On February 26, 2010, a 12,000 lb. Orca whale called Tilikum mauled and killed his trainer Dawn Brancheau at SeaWorld during a performance. Also, in Colorado, on April 24, 2009, a volunteer was vigorously mauled by a tiger at â€Å"Big Cats of Serenity Springs.† The list of these aggressive outbreaks goes on and on. Researchers say that the awful conditions animals are unnatural and are the cause of animals expressing abnormal behaviors. Zoos may be fun for the family, but are definitely not fun for the animals. Taking animals out of their natural habitat, forcing them to live miserable lifestyles, and putting humans at risk is not worth a fun family trip to the zoo. Treating living creatures like they have no feelings is never okay and should be considered inhumane. Zoos need to be exposed as the pitiful prisons they are, and actions should be imposed to stop the animal abuse. Works Cited Captive Wildlife Crisis | WildAnimalSanctuary.org : Americas Premier Sanctuary For Large Carnivores. Captive Wildlife Crisis | WildAnimalSanctuary.org : Americas Premier Sanctuary For Large Carnivores. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. . Get The Facts:. Ten Fast Facts about Captive Exotic Animals. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. . News Facts. The Tiger Next Door. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2007. . Zoos: Pitiful Prisons. PETA. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. .

Nanotechnology In Architecture

Nanotechnology In Architecture Historically and geographically human have lived in extremely varied technology or environment and have had to adapt to comfort habitats and thus the architects have had to manage the ideal of design as well as incorporate the evolutionary technology. A technology has evolved to a level where it is just too complex. Sometimes satisfying the need of the user and sometimes becoming too dangerous when the negative consequences are not taken care of. For example, the issues of the Large scales in architecture is one such matter which has been partially solved with the help of low cost materials, energy savingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. The scientists have developed and are continuing to develop nanotechnology to help architects incorporate more artificial intelligence in construction. Nanotechnology is a combination of various fields of science like, Bio- technology, Chemistry, Physics, Bio-informatics, etc. There are three chief divisions in Nanotech: Nanoelectronics, Nanomaterials, and Nano-Biotechnology. Worldwide, there is much enthusiasm about nanotechnology as it has application in medicine, electronics, biomaterials, energy etc. It is observed that US, Japan, and Germany dominate the current RD effort in nanotechnology with a focus on they own expertise and needs (Hyd and spook, 2012). The use and control of the technology at an atomic or particle scale known as nanotechnology has started to have its impact like never before in materials of constructions and has immense futurist impact in architecture, this application of the nanotechnology and nanomaterials in architecture is NanoArchitecture. The nano world in technology is a real challenge for todays designers, it started with an understanding and control of the technology and materials on one billionth (10-9) scale. The understanding of these materials, its use in architecture to be profitable for users and its implication on the building (Construction) are some of the key aspect for inquiry in this dissertation. With the perfect solution of this dilemma, the Architects would not only know how big their task is but how it might lead to new ways of thinking architecture. After understanding the meaning and origin of this technology, we will study certain aspects that is a must in todays constructions and then we see the direction where this science is going, we will also look at the ways to incorporate these technologies in our architecture, therefore the question that will guide our research is how does nano (technology, materials, science, concept, form and function) become important to the level of influencing architects (designers). Nanotechnology is developed in the manner that it is active or passive, this repartition will lead us to a large study but our focus will rely on the relation passive active nanostructure and application of nanotechnology in a building design and construction. Passive nanotechnologies, such as nanocoatings, nanoparticles, and nanostructured materials, are already available. Second generation active nanostructures, for example, nanoelectro-mechanical systems, nanomachines, self-healing materials, and targeted chemicals, can evolve their properties, structure and/or state during their operation. This could increase nanotechnologys impacts and require new approaches for risk assessment. Active nanostructures are likely to have a different and increased profile of impacts (including benefits as well as potential risks) compared with passive nanotechnologies. RESEARCH QUESTION: How does nano (technology, materials, science, concept, form and function) becomes important to the level of influencing architects (designers). NEED IDENTIFICATION: Over the years the materials used in buildings (during construction, inside or outside finishes) has been of a large scale, the evolution today have brought into existence the materials on a microscopic scale with even more value to life and building. They can be metals, ceramics, polymers or composites. Known as nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), the method of making these materials begins at the molecular or atomic level, sometimes creating new products with extraordinary physical and chemical properties. For example, a carbon nanotube has strength of 150 times that of steel but is approximately six times lighter. Besides strength enhancement, properties can include self-cleaning, super hardness, electrical conductivity, antimicrobial superior thermal resistance and stability, non-flammability, lightweight, anti-corrosion, superior barrier, light emitting and low permeability, among others. Applications in the building industry include use as fire retardants, high performance insulation, protective coatings, equipment lubricants, structural integrity enhancement and monitoring, photovoltaic, stronger tensile cables, and self-cleaning or heat absorbing windows ( CFN, 2011 )à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Using these materials which contain extraordinary application in the building can also bring amazing influences to the architect, designer or the design. Therefore apart from attempting to understand the transformation that the nanotechnology brings to our building there is a need to understand by students the uses of nanotechnology for creating better design. SCOPE: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A general understanding of nano especially toward architecture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Nanotechnology (materials) applications in buildings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Concept; form and function derived from nano LIMITATION: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The laboratories details of certain materials and nano applications in medical branches will not be part of our research. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This research dissertation will have some limitation in details like calculations, manufactures process, chemical components. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Thinking in more detail about how to use nanomaterials in a design context, a first consideration is simply to define what is being design?. But there is a lack of built case studies, so we will rely on existing, futurist, basic concept and reading materials. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regarding the size of this matter nanotechnology, we will limit at the level where nanotech is active and very briefly talk about the passive Nanotechnology RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: N A N O A R C H I T E C T U R E PART O. COLLECT RELEVANT DATA This methodology starts with a basic understanding (through various sources) of nano technology specially its applications in the materials and its relation with form and function in architecture. A. Research Books B. Online discussions; ancient and actual debates. C. Study previous paper or dissertations and case studies done on this matter. D. Literature survey; Consist keep together all info found and relative to the topic and relevant to the research question. PART I. INTRODUCTION, NEED IDENTIFICATION, SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH PART II. NANOTECHNOLOGY What is nanotechnology Nanoproducts Categories (Passive and Active) Why this fuss Nanotechnology risk Sectors application NANOTECHNOLOGIES APPLICATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE = NANOARCHITECUTE PART III. APPLICATION-FORM AND FUNCTION with its Impact Air-purifying Anti-fogging Solar protection Fire-proof Anti-graffiti Scratchproof and abrasion-resistant Anti-fingerprints Self-cleaning Easy-to-clean (ETC) Thermal insulation Temperature regulation UV protection Anti-reflective N. Antibacterial Case studies and examples showing how does certain of these proprieties can be include and what promise does it bring to buildings; New architectural readying. New creativities in form and functions. C O N C L U S I O N CASE STUDY METHODOLOGIES: Primary Case study By consulting an expert in the energy consumption field and materials that relate to it. The reading of the applications in nanotechnology in todays constructions is more related to Green designers, this part of the design has an impact in the ecology and climate control therefore the green rated buildings has in fact a considerable amount of nanotechnology use in it. This leads us to refer to architects involved in green concepts or sustainability from LEED etc ( Ar Alex Nyembo Kalenga) and also we could make a visit studies on the actual certified Green building Rajiv Gandhi urja Bhavan at Vasan Kunj New Delhi Still in Construction. A list of questions has guided our study and survey interview in which the answers are include to our conclusion of this research: 1. A personal understanding of Nanotechnology or Nanoarchitecture. 2. If any specific material at a nano scale is used to improve certain aspects in the building, such as: Insulation reduction Lighting Energy storage Air purification Water management 3. How do you think buildings designed exclusively on scientific principles of Nanotechnology will affect their occupants? 4. Does Nanotechnology have an impact on todays practicing architects If yes; at what scale does it influence them? Any example? If not; Why so? Secondary Case study The conceptual level derived of the interpretation of nano differs from an architect to another. 1. Two typology of this nano buildings as guided this part of the research: 5. Existing Nano Buildings ( Nano House Initiative, Australia ) 6. Futurist Nano Buildings ( Multi-storey Apartment building, 2001 ) 2. A list of materials (Function) originated from nanotechnology or concepts that have already been involved to some construction process, structurally or non structurally, environment effect has been touched on to clarify its impact to architecture. REFERENCES.. Hyd and spook (2012, January), nanotechnology in india. Retrieved from http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/11771-nanotechnology-india.html#ixzz2Awlr7jNb Center for Functional Nanomaterials ( 2011). Nanomaterials for architecture and buildings. Brookhaven. Retrieved from http://www.solaripedia.com/13/360/nanomaterials_for_architecture__building.html NANOARCHITECTURE Importance of nanotechnology in architecture N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y II.1. Fundamental Knowledge II.1.1. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY? A brick is the smallest building block in construction. Whatever you do, the strength of the building is limited to the strength of the brick. The brick itself is made of minute particles of clay bonded together. One has limited control over how the particle of clay forms. Each particle of clay in turn is formed from molecules joined together in a particular pattern dictated by the forces of nature. What happens if it is possible to arrange these molecules in a pattern that provides greater strength? You get stronger clay and a stronger brick. This results in a much thinner, but stronger wall. This technology of arranging molecules the way we want is a basis of nanotechnology. (Johnzactruba, 2011) A strict definition of nanotechnology characterizes it as the manipulation of a matter at the scale of one-billionth of a meter or smaller. The measurement of one-billionth of a meter is identified as one nanometer (nm) (Jeffrey H. Matsuura,1957). Nano, is a word which does not only mean billionth less but also leaves a billionth of question in mind, because of the complexity to understand its simplicity. It is a world hold by the scientist, chemist and physicians. Yes nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research but not new. The level of its study and diversity has involved touching now many sector of life and becoming more and more known by the public. The concept first was introduced by American physicist Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988). But it is noted that in the 10th centuries the 16th centuries the ruby-red color of many stained-glass windows from the medieval era was a consequence of embedded nanoscale metallic particles within the glass. There were no scientific understanding of these phenomena at the time, nor were there deliberate attempts to produce what we now know as nanomaterials. Early knowledge relied on craft-based trial and error to achieve effects we must keep in mind, however, that not all interesting color phenomena are a result of embedded nanomaterials ( Michael F. Ashby, 2009). The evolution of nanotechnology has been more or less in the domain of chemical, medicine and physics (technique) then it involved to the environment, energy, agriculture, communication and information because of some of its advantage and disadvantage in the society. The main tools used in nanotechnology are three main microscopes: Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). (Jamie Jackson, CIS 121) II.1.2. NANO PRODUCTS Use as gateways to build other nano products, Nanosensors can be chemical sensors or mechanical sensors. Amongst other applications they can be used: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To monitor physical parameters such as temperature, displacement and flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As accelerometers in Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices that can rapidly and remotely detect change in their surroundings like airbag sensors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ For medical diagnostic purposes either as blood borne sensors or in lab-on-a-chip type devices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To detect various chemicals in gases for pollution monitoring à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sensors using carbon nanotube detection elements are capable of detecting a range of chemical vapors. These sensors work by reacting to the changes in the resistance of a carbon nanotube in the presence of a chemical vapor ( Hawks Perch Technical Writing, 2007). II.1.2.1. Nanotube Known as well as Carbon Nanotube (CNTs), it is a tube-shaped material or cylindrical nanostructure made of carbon, having a diameter of nanometer scale. Nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts. Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (GPa). Since carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3 to 1.4 g/cm3, its specific strength of up to 48,000 kNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢mà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢kgà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steels 154 kNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢mà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢kgà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. Standard single-walled carbon nanotubes can withstand a pressure up to 24GPa without deformation. The bulk modulus of super hard phase nanotubes is 462 to 546 GPa, even higher than that of diamond (420 GPa for single diamond crystal) and can produce materials with toughness unmatched in the man-made and natural worlds. Because of the carbon nanotubes superior mechanical properties, many structures have been proposed ranging from everyday items like clothes and sports gear to combat jackets and space elevators. However, the space elevator will require further efforts in refining carbon nanotube technology, as the practical tensile strength of carbon nanotubes can still be greatly improved (Wikipedia, 2012). II.1.2.2. Nanocomposites The definition of nano-composite material has broadened significantly to encompass a large variety of systems such as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional and amorphous materials, made of distinctly dissimilar components and mixed at the nanometer scale (Kanatzidis, 2006). New materials with novel proprieties are generate rapidly through this field. The properties of nano-composite materials depend not only on the properties of their individual parents but also on their morphology and interfacial characteristics. Although nanoscale reinforcements (or nanofillers) of nanocomposites have different kinds of fillers such as nanofibers, nanowires, nanotubes and nanoparticles etc, their mechanical behaviors have some common features. As the figure shows a potential use of nanocomposites as multifunctional materials (Journal Club, 2008). AREA OF APPLICATION Such mechanical property improvements have resulted in major interest in nanocomposite materials in numerous automotive and general/industrial applications. These include potential for utilisation as mirror housings on various vehicle types, door handles, engine covers and intake manifolds and timing belt covers. More general applications currently being considered include usage as impellers and blades for vacuum cleaners, power tool housings, mower hoods and covers for portable electronic equipment such as mobile phones, pagers etc (Professor J.N. Hay, 2001). The inorganic components can be three-dimensional framework systems such as zeolites, two-dimensional layered materials such as clays, metal oxides, metal phosphates, chalcogenides, and even one-dimensional and zero-dimensional materials such as (Mo3Se3-)n chains and clusters. Experimental work has generally shown that virtually all types and classes of nanocomposite materials lead to new and improved properties when compared to their macrocomposite counterparts. Therefore, nanocomposites which combine new nanomaterials with more traditional ones such as steel, concrete, glass, and plastics, can be many times stronger than standard materials and promise new applications in many fields such as mechanically reinforced lightweight components, non-linear optics, battery cathodes and ionics, nano-wires, sensors and other systems. On the market there already a nanocomposite steel that is three times stronger than conventional steel. Before long, nano-reinforced glass might be used for both structure and enclosure. In the some student projects in the nanoSTUDIO at Ball State University, nanotube structural panels create transparent load-bearing curtain walls free of columns and beams, quantum dots make walls and ceilings light up or change color with the flip of a switch, and nanosensors in building components create smart environments that constantly adapt to their environment and users. II.1.3. TYPOLOGY M. C. Roco, one of the driving forces behind the NNI, has developed a more detailed typology of nanotechnologies. He identifies four generations of nanotechnologies: passive nanostructures, active nanostructures, systems of nanosystems and molecular nanosystems (J. Clarence, 2009) ( Fig04: For generation of nanotechnology development, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology ) Each generation of products is marked by the creation of commercial prototypes using systematic control of the respective phenomena and manufacturing processes. Products may also include components which correspond to different generations. Todays rudimentary capabilities of nanotechnology for systematic control and manufacture at the nanoscale are expected to evolve significantly in both complexity and the degree of integration by 2020. II.1.3.1 Passive to Active nanotechnology It has been suggested that an important transition in the long-run trajectory of nanotechnology development is a shift from passive to active nanostructures. Such a shift could present different or increased societal impacts and require new approaches for risk assessment. An active nanostructure changes or evolves its state during its operation, according to the National Science Foundations (2006) Active Nanostructures and Nanosystems grant solicitation. Passive: (steady function) nanostructures Behaviour: inert or reactive nanostructures which have stable behaviour and quasi -constant properties during their use. Potential risk: e.g. nanoparticles in cosmetics or food with large scale production and high exposure rates. Active: (evolving function nanostructures) Behaviour: the nanostructures properties are designed to change during operation so behaviour is variable and potentially unstable. Successive changes in state may occur (either intended or as an unforeseen reaction to the external environment). Potential risk: e.g. nanobiodevices in the human body; pesticides engineered to react to different conditions. Categories of active nanostructures are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Remote actuated active nanostructures, such as light-actuated embedded sensors; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Environmentally responsive active nanostructures, such as responsive drug delivery; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Miniaturized active nanostructures, such as synthetic molecular motors and molecular machines; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hybrid active nanostructures, or uncommon combinations of materials, such as silicon-organic ; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transforming active nanostructures, such as self-healing materials. (M.C. Roco, 2004, 2007) Tour estimates the time it will take to commercialize each of these types as 0-5 years for passive nanotechnologies, 15-50 years or more for active nanotechnologies and 7-12 years for hybrids (J. Clarence, 2009) II.1.4. WHY ALL THE FUSS ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY? NANOTECHNOLOGY: THE SCIENCE CHANGING YOUR LIFE Penny Sarchet The advantages of using nanomaterials in construction are enormous. When you consider that 41 percent of all energy use in the United States is consumed by commercial and residential buildings, the potential benefits of energy-saving materials alone are vast (Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University, 2010) and when we have to evaluate the energy used by buildings in the rest of the world the result will surly show that the use of the nanomaterials in buildings will be of an anxiety necessity. Nanotechnology thus has profound potential because it can free us from some traditional limits and offer us useful new capabilities. Nanotechnology can change some of the physical rules that have traditionally confined us. It can also free us from some of the limitations that have long been placed upon us by size ( Jeffrey H, 1957). The key is to understand the specific risks and implications of the product before it is widely used. This way we can ensure that nanotechnology evolves as a tool for sustainability rather than as an environmental liability (Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University, 2010). Benefices and profit with the nanotechnology is now in the hand of everyone and architects are with no doubt going to shape this realm to another level. e.g.: Solera enables seamless integration of natural daylight into the design and function of buildings. Well daylighted spaces deliver substantial and measurable benefits to sustainability, energy efficiency and human performance. This series of products provide architects with solutions to solve the challenges traditionally associated with daylighting techniques including solar heat gain, cost, complexity and glare. Other materials such as brickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ have already showed us the changes that it has done to the industries, life, designers, buildersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In the early days, paint was available in a limited variety of colors for you to choose. Now most of the paint shops have mixers that allow the users to choose the color they require. The manufacturers have to produce and stock only a few basic colors, reducing production and inventory costs at much greater satisfaction to the consumer. The future of nanotechnology will be the personal nano-factories, like the paint mixers, that allow you to produce any material that you require. The shops have to carry only stock in molecular form. Advances in nanotechnology are moving at an exponential rate. It will eventually encompass every field of human activity including energy. (Johnzactruba, 2011) Disadvantages of Nanotechnology: Safety hazards with nanomaterials, Some studies detected possible cancer-causing properties of carbon nanotubes, Some nanomaterials bounded with other materials or components (Jamie Jackson, CIS 121) II.1.5. RISK OF NANOTECHNOLOGY It is obvious to find out that except from the greatness and impressive opportunities that nanotechnology offers, the risks are associated with it as well. And these risk touch-up on Health, environment, Industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Because of the size of the particles, nanomaterials may enter human and other living bodies and disrupt body-functions. Some nanoparticles may also be non-biodegradable thereby posing a new threat to the environment. Therefore it is crucial to examine and estimate the risk for regulating the production, use, consumption and disposal of these materials. (Hyd and spook, 2012). For example, Health effects of several insulating materials are a concern; 1. The fibers released from fiberglass insulation may be carcinogenic, and fiberglass insulation now requires cancer warning labels. 2. There are also claims that the fire retardant chemicals or respirable particles in cellulose insulation may be hazardous (Dr. George, 2007). The risk most talked about is the ability of nanotech carbon tubes to potentially cause asbestosis-type illnesses, (Mike Childs, 2012) Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs); and nanocomposites are being considered for various uses in the construction and related infrastructure industries. To achieve environmentally responsible nanotechnology in construction, it is important to consider the lifecycle impacts of MNMs on the health of construction workers and dwellers, as well as unintended environmental effects at all stages of manufacturing, construction, use, demolition, and disposal. Emphasis in industries; In India, late industry participation has also begun in this area, and there is an emphasis on fostering public-private partnerships (PPP). Nonetheless government support to this sector remains crucial for three reasons: 1. Nanotechnology is a capital-intensive technology and is in an embryonic phase, thus industry would not be able to sustain the research effort needed for the establishment of scientific and technological infrastructure. 2. The state is required to define the regulatory framework. In 2010-11 this process was initiated. 3. The state ,particularly in the developing country context, can set the agenda and resist the tendency to uncritically follow international trends in research that do not address their developmental needs. REFERENCES.. Dr. George, 2007. Insulation, nanotechnology for green building. Retrieved from http://esonn.fr/esonn2010/xlectures/mangematin/Nano_Green_Building55ex.pdf page 12 Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University (2010, January). Future Cities: Nanotechnology promises more sustainable buildings, bridges, and others structures Retrieved from http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAINnode_id=2103content_id=CNBP_025646use_sec=truesec_url_var=region1__uuid=00475ea1-8da9-4443-8448-baaff07d9f4a Hawks Perch Technical Writing (2007). Carbon nanotubesand applications. Retrieved from http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotubes-carbon.html Hyd and spook (2012, January), nanotechnology in india. Retrieved from http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/11771-nanotechnology-india.html#ixzz2Awlr7jNb Jamie Jackson, CIS 121: Computer Programming II (C++). Nanotechnology and the Development of Computer Circuits retrieved from Jeffrey H. Matsuura, (1957). Nanotechnology regulation and policy worldwide. why all the fuss about nanotechnology?. Artech house, boston-london. Journal Club ( 2008, may ). Mechanical Behaviors of Polymer-matrix Nanocomposites. Retrieved from http://me.utep.edu/lrxu/Mechanical%20Behavior%20of%20Polymer.htm J. Clarence davies, PEN( 2009, April) Oversight of next generation NANOTECHNOLOGY Johnzactruba, (2011, may). Applicationof nano technology for energy, Retrieved from http://www.brighthubengineering.com/power-plants/87228-applications-of-nanotechnology-for-energy/ Kanatzidis, (2006, may). Nanocomposites. Retrieved from http://www.cem.msu.edu/~kanatzid/Nanocomposites.html Michael F. Ashby, Paulo J.Ferreira, Daniel L. Schodek, (2009) Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design, a brief history of materials, elsevier Ltd. pg 29 Mike Childs, 2012, march technology making the splash. http://www.guardian.co.uk/nanotechnology-world/technology-making-a-splash M.C. Roco (2004, 2007), shift to active nanostructures is hypothesized. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/activenano Professor J.N. Hay and S.J. Shaw (2001, September). Nanocomposites: proprieties and applications. Retrieved from http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=921 Wikipedia ( 2012, november). Carbon nanotube. Retieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube NANOARCHITECTURE Importance of nanotechnology in architecture A P P L I C A T I O N S ( Fig05: Analysis of Nanotechnology from an Industrial Ecology Perspective Part I: Inventory Evaluation of Life Cycle Assessments of Nanotechnologies.) III.1. Environmental application Environmentally, Nanotechnology also has the potential to help our environment. Example: It controls pollution through source reduction. This is a method of eliminating toxic waste at its source, with the understanding that releasing the waste into the environment is the last resort. Source reduction can be achieved by cleaning up existing processes or by reducing consumption of resources where such consumption creates pollution. III.1.1. Insulation The impact of the improvement of insulation reductions is counted by billions of pounds annually. Ref table (Fig06: Potential sources of EU CO2 emission reductions ) Nanoscale materials hold great promise as insulators because of their extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. This gives them the ability to trap still air within a material layer of minimal thickness (conventional insulating materials like fibreglass and polystyrene get their high insulating value less from the conductive properties of the materials themselves than from their ability to trap still air.) Insulating a nonmaterial may be sandwiched between rigid panels, applied as thin films, or painted on as coatings (Dr. George, 2007) Nanogel panels; Aerogel This material as an incredible ability and capacity such as strength, it can take its own load 2000 times reminding that it has only 5 percent solid and the rest is filled with air only an are also applicable on fabric architecture or structures. Because nanoporous aerogels can be sensitive to moisture, they are often marketed sandwiched between wall panels that repel moisture. Aerogel panels are available with up to 75 percent translucency, and their high air content means that a 9cm (3.5) thick aerogel panel can offer an R-value of R-28, a valu